#This file was created by <lasgoutt> Tue Aug 31 12:29:16 1999
#LyX 1.0 (C) 1995-1999 Matthias Ettrich and the LyX Team
\lyxformat 2.15
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\papersize Default
\paperpackage a4
\use_geometry 0
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\paragraph_separation indent
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\quotes_language english
\quotes_times 2
\papercolumns 1
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\paperpagestyle headings

\layout Title

The LyX Tutorial
\layout Author

by Amir Karger and the LyX Team
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}

\end_inset 


\layout Chapter

Introduction
\layout Section

Welcome to LyX!
\layout Standard

This file is designed for all of you who have never heard of LaTeX, or don't
 know it very well.
 Now, don't panic - you won't need to learn LaTeX to use LyX.
 That is, after all, the whole point of LyX: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG
 interface to LaTeX.
 There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use
 LyX effectively.
 
\layout Standard

Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
 put two spaces after a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or tried to put 3 blank lines between paragraphs.
 After much frustration, you found you couldn't.
 In fact, you'll find that most of the little tricks you're accustomed to
 using in other word processors just won't work in LyX.
 That's because most word processors you've used before require you to manually
 put in all spacings, font changes, and so on.
 So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too.
 LyX does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you
 focus on the important things, like the content of your writing.
\layout Standard

So, bear with us and read on.
 Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
\layout Section

What the Tutorial 
\emph on 
is
\emph default 
 and What it 
\emph on 
isn't
\layout Standard

Before we get started with this section, we want to make a quick note of
 something.
 The 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
 uses the notation outlined in the 
\emph on 
Introduction
\emph default 
\SpecialChar \@.
 If you came to this manual first, go read the 
\emph on 
Introduction
\emph default 
\SpecialChar \@.
 Yes, we mean now.
\layout Standard

Now that you know which fonts mean what, we want to talk a bit about what
 this 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
 is for.
\layout Subsection

Getting the Most out of the Tutorial
\layout Standard

This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
 To get the most out of this document, you should read through the document,
 typing all the silly little things we're telling you to type and trying
 out all of the exercises to see if you get them right.
 For convenience, you might want to print out the PostScript® version of
 this document.
\layout Standard

If you are familiar with LaTeX, you'll probably be able to read the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
 somewhat faster, since many LyX ideas are just LaTeX ideas in disguise.
 However, LyX does have idiosyncrasies
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

or, more optimistically, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

features
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\end_float 
 you'll want to learn about.
 Even if you don't feel like reading the rest of the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
, you should definitely check out Section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexusers}

\end_inset 

, which is specifically written for experienced LaTeX users.
\layout Standard

Section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx}

\end_inset 

 is a holdover from an earlier version of the Tutorial, and is a bit pithy.
 Still it's a nice 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

at-a-distance
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 introduction to LyX, so you might want to glance over it to get a feel
 for what LyX is all about.
\layout Subsection

What You 
\emph on 
won't
\emph default 
 Find:
\layout Itemize

Spoon-feeding or other dumbing-down.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

The trend in computer self-help literature these days
\begin_float footnote 
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Note from 
\noun on 
John 
\noun default 
Weiss: \SpecialChar \ldots{}
well, at least in America, where we dumb everything down to the lowest
 common denominator\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_float 
 seems to be: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Assume the user has the I.
 Q.
 of a potato.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 We don't do that.
 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

On the other hand, we do realize that most users go to a manual, especially
 a tutorial, when they're lost.
 So, while we'll assume that you, the user, are 
\emph on 
not 
\emph default 
stupid, we do understand that you might be a tad clueless or confused.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Instructions how to use a mouse or a keyboard.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

If you haven't figured out by now how to use your computer, we can't help
 you, as such things are beyond the scope of the LyX manuals.
\begin_float footnote 
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Besides which, if you're using LyX to begin with, you'll probably have more
 than half a brain in your head.
\end_float 
\layout Itemize

Detailed explanations of all of LyX's features.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

What, you want the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 twice?
\layout Standard

Seriously, though, we're here to get you up and running so that all you
 need is the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
.
 If we tried to duplicate all of the information about all of LyX's features
 in here, the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
 would be redundant, too long, and forever out of date.
 All we do here is introduce things; imagine there is a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

see the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 at the end of every section.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Detailed explanations of LaTeX.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Unnecessary.
 If you're really curious about learning some of the neat tricks you can
 do with LaTeX, you can always go get a LaTeX book.
 There are several good ones on the market.
 No need to reinvent the wheel, after all\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

So, brave soul, it's time to move onward.
 You can take a brief excursion through the next section, or you can go
 on to Section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:first-doc-ex}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Section

What is LyX?
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:what-is-lyx}

\end_inset 


\layout Subsection

Overview
\layout Standard

Part of the initial challenge of using LyX comes from the change in thinking
 that you, the user, must make.
 At one time, all we had for creating documents were typewriters, so we
 all learned certain tricks to get around their limitations.
 Underlining, which is little more than overstriking with the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

_
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 character, became a way to emphasize text.
 To create a table, you figured out beforehand how big each column was to
 be and set the appropriate tab stops.
 The same applied for letters and other right justified text.
 Hyphenation at the end of a line required a careful eye and a lot of foresight.
\layout Standard

In other words, we've all been trained to worry about the little details
 of which character goes where.
\layout Standard

Consequently, almost all word processors have this mentality.
 They still use tab stops for adding whitespace.
 You still need to worry about exactly where on the page something will
 appear.
 Emphasizing text means changing a font, similar to changing the typewriter
 wheel.
 You get the idea.
\layout Standard

This is where LyX differs from an ordinary word processor.
 You don't concern yourself with what character goes where.
 You tell LyX 
\emph on 
what you're doing
\emph default 
 and LyX takes care of the rest, following a set of rules called a 
\emph on 
style
\emph default 
.
 Let's look at a little example:
\layout Standard

Suppose you're writing a report.
 To begin your report, you want a section called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Introduction\SpecialChar \@.

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 So, you go into whatever menu it is in your word processor that changes
 font sizes and decide on a new font size.
 Then you turn on bold face.
 Then you type, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

1.
\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
Introduction
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Of course, if you later decide that this section belongs someplace else
 in the document, or if you insert a new section before it, you need to
 change the numbering for this and all following sections, as well as any
 entry in the table of contents.
 
\layout Standard

In LyX, you go to the pull-down on the far left of the button bar and select
 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
, and type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Introduction\SpecialChar \@.

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Standard

Yes, that's all.
 If you cut and paste the section, it will automatically be renumbered ---
 everywhere.
 There's even a way to make LyX automatically update any references to the
 section inside the file.
\layout Standard

Now let's look at the problem of consistency.
 Five days later, you reopen your report and start Section
\protected_separator 
4.
 However, you forget that you were using 18pt bold instead of 16pt, so you
 type in the heading for Section
\protected_separator 
4 in a different font that what you used for Section
\protected_separator 
1.
 That problem doesn't even exist in LyX.
 The computer takes care of all that silly bookkeeping about which thing
 has what size font, not you.
 After all, that's what a computer is good at.
\layout Standard

Here's another example.
 Suppose you're making a list.
 In other word processors, a list is just a bunch of tab stops and newlines.
 You need to figure out where to put the label for each list item, what
 that label should be, how many blank lines to put between each item, and
 so on.
 Under LyX, you have only two concerns: what kind of list is this, and what
 do I want to put in it.
 That's it.
\layout Standard

So, the basic idea behind LyX is: specify what you're doing, not how to
 do it.
 Instead of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

what you see is what you get,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 the LyX model is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

what you see is what you 
\emph on 
mean
\emph default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

WYSIWYM.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Subsection

Differences between LyX and Word Processors
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

No, we're not trying to start (or win) a word processor holy war here.
 But we do think it's important to describe LyX's features.
 And one of LyX's main features, WYSIWYM, is a fundamentally different concept
 than the one that 99% of people have about word processing.
\end_float 
\layout Standard

Here's a list of things you won't find in LyX:
\layout Itemize

The document ruler
\layout Itemize

Tab stops
\layout Itemize

Extra whitespace [i.e.
 hitting 
\family sans 
Enter
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 two or more times]
\layout Standard

Tab stops, along with a ruler showing you the position of things on the
 page, are useless in LyX.
 The program worries about where things go on the page, not you.
 Extra whitespace is similar; LyX adds them where necessary, depending on
 context.
 Not being able to type two blank lines in a row will be annoying at first,
 but it makes more sense once you're thinking in WYSIWYM terms.
\layout Standard

Here are some things that exist in LyX, but aren't used as you might think:
\layout Itemize

Indenting controls
\layout Itemize

Page breaks
\layout Itemize

Line spacing [i.e.
 single spaced, double spaced, etc.]
\layout Itemize

Whitespace, horizontal and vertical
\layout Itemize

Fonts and font sizes
\layout Itemize

Typefaces [bold, italic, underline, etc.]
\layout Standard

Although they exist in LyX, you generally don't need them.
 LyX will take care of these things for you, depending on what you're doing.
 Different parts of the document are automatically set in a different typeface
 and font size.
 Paragraph indenting is context dependent; different types of paragraphs
 get indented differently.
 Page breaks get handled automatically, as well.
 In general, the space between lines, between words, and between paragraphs
 is variable, set by LyX.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

There are ways to adjust all of these [only some of which require knowledge
 of LaTeX], either for a whole document or for a specific location in a
 document.
 See the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 for details.
\end_float 
 
\layout Standard

Lastly, there are a few areas where LyX [and LaTeX] surpasses many word
 processors:
\layout Itemize

Hyphenation
\layout Itemize

Lists of any type
\layout Itemize

Mathematics
\layout Itemize

Tables
\layout Itemize

Cross-referencing
\layout Standard

Granted, many modern word processors can handle mathematical symbols, tables,
 and hyphenation, and some are even moving towards style definitions and
 the WYSIWYM concept.
 However, they've only recently been able to do so, whereas LyX is built
 upon the LaTeX document preparation system.
 LaTeX has been around for over 10 years, and 
\emph on 
works
\emph default 
.
 All of the bugs have been long since ironed out.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Okay, we know nothing is perfect, but LaTeX is as close to bug-free as any
 computer program can get.
\end_float 
\layout Standard

A final, and most important, difference between LyX and other word processors
 is stability.
 Unlike certain commercial word processors, LyX does 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 claim to be stable only to crash every 30 minutes when given a large document.
 The LyX Team knows we won't catch every single bug, nor do we try to pass
 off bugs as features.
 When those bugs [oh, sorry\SpecialChar \ldots{}
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

features
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

\SpecialChar \ldots{}
] rear their ugly head, you might think LyX will drag your last 3 pages
 of creative endeavor into oblivion with it.
 
\layout Standard

Nope.
 
\layout Standard

Whenever LyX crashes, it dumps any document in memory to an emergency save
 file before dying.
 Upon restart, LyX will notice these emergency saves, specifically when
 you try and reload the affected file[s].
 LyX then prompts you, asking whether to load the emergency save file, or
 the original file, depending on which is newer.
 Many users have written their doctoral dissertations using LyX.
 They seldom, if ever, lost a page, despite an occasional crash.
\layout Subsection

What the heck 
\emph on 
is
\emph default 
 LaTeX?
\layout Standard

LaTeX is a document preparation system designed by Leslie Lamport in 1985.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

The source for the info in this section is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\emph on 
A Guide to LaTeX2e
\emph default 
,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 by Helmut Kopka and Patrick Daly, which has an entry in the bibliography
 of the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
\SpecialChar \@.

\end_float 
 It, in turn, was built up from a typesetting language called TeX, created
 by Donald Knuth in 1984.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

TeX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is pronounced like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

blech!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 which is how many people feel about it.
 However, most folks don't understand just what TeX is.
 TeX takes a sequence of typesetting commands, written in a script in an
 ASCII file, and executes them.
 It's a bit more complicated than a typewriter, but not nearly as involved
 as an actual printing press.
 In any case, what comes out of TeX is the so-called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

device independent
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 format file, or 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 for short.
 You can then feed the 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 file to anything that understands 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
, or converts 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 to other formats like PostScript®.
 
\layout Standard

If it weren't for one other feature, all TeX would be is a typesetting engine.
 However, TeX also allows you to define macros.
 This is where the action begins.
\layout Standard

Most people who use TeX are actually using a macro package which Knuth created
 to hide a lot of the typesetting details.
 This is what most people think of when they think of TeX\SpecialChar \@.
 Ordinary users
 don't work with raw TeX, which are the bare-bones typesetting commands.
 People creating new macro-packages do that.
 This is where Leslie Lamport enters our story.
 He wanted a macro package that was more user-oriented and less typesetter-orien
ted, a set of commands that consistently typeset things like sections or
 tables or math formulae in a uniform, consistent fashion with as little
 fuss as possible.
 This is how LaTeX was born.
\layout Standard

Now, in parallel with the development and growth of LaTeX, other folks were
 creating their own custom macro packages for TeX, ones to make slides or
 articles for math journals and so on.
 Some used the raw TeX to do this, others began modifying LaTeX.
 To try and unify this mess, a team of LaTeX-nicians, [including Lamport,
 of course] began to work on LaTeX2e, the current version of LaTeX, during
 the late 1980's.
 This new version of LaTeX has commands which provide an easier-to-use interface
 to TeX's macro-creating commands [remember TeX?], aid in the use of new
 fonts, and so on.
 In fact, LaTeX is quite an extensive language in its own right! Users around
 the world have been creating their own add-ons for LaTeX beyond the standard
 ones.
 
\layout Standard

There are two ways to extend LaTeX: classes and styles.
 A 
\emph on 
class
\emph default 
 is a set of LaTeX [and TeX] macros describing a new type of document, like
 a book, or an article.
 There are classes for slides, for physics and math journals\SpecialChar \ldots{}
 some universities
 even have a class for their thesis format! A 
\emph on 
style
\emph default 
 differs from a class in that it doesn't define a new type of document,
 but a different type of 
\emph on 
behavior
\emph default 
 that any document can use.
 For example, LyX controls page margins and line spacing using two different
 LaTeX style-files designed for these purposes.
 There are style-files for a whole slew of things: printing labels or envelopes,
 changing indentation behavior, adding new fonts, manipulating graphics,
 designing fancy page headings, customizing bibliographies, altering the
 location and appearance of footnotes, tables, and figures, customizing
 lists, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera.
\layout Standard

Here's a summary:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

TeX: Typesetting language with macro capability.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

LaTeX: Macro package built upon TeX\SpecialChar \@.

\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

classes: Descriptions of a type of document, using LaTeX\SpecialChar \@.

\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

styles: Alters the default behavior of LaTeX in some way.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

LyX: Visual, WYSIWYM word-processor that uses LaTeX in all its glory to
 do its printing.
\layout Standard

The idea of this section was to try and explain 
\emph on 
why
\emph default 
 LyX works somewhat differently from other word processors.
 The reason is simple: LyX uses LaTeX as its printing backend.
 Just like LaTeX, LyX focuses on the context of your writing --- 
\emph on 
what
\emph default 
 you are typing.
 The computer then handles how it should look.
\layout Standard

Oh --- one last thing.
 LaTeX is pronounced like TeX is.
 It rhymes with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

hey blech.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

ha blech
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, depending on how you pronounce your 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

s\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_float 
 Usually.
 Lamport says in his book, though, that 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\emph on 
lay
\emph default 
-tecks is also possible
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

LyX,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 on the other hand, is pronounced 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

licks.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 Or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

lucks,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

looks,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 depending on what country you're from\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\layout Chapter

Getting Started with LyX
\layout Section

Your First LyX Document 
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:first-doc-ex}

\end_inset 

 OK\SpecialChar \@.
 You're ready to start writing.
 Before you do, though, there are a few things we need to mention, which
 will hopefully make the 
\emph on 
Tutorial 
\emph default 
more instructive, useful, and fun.
 
\layout Standard

Because there's lots of information that we won't be giving you, the 
\emph on 
first
\series medium 
\emph default 
 thing that you need to do is find the 
\series default 
other 
\series medium 
help files.
 Luckily, this is very simple.

\series default 
 Start up LyX.
 Choose the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
H
\bar default 
elp
\family default 
 menu.
 You may want to load the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
 as well (if you're not reading it on screen already).
 This way, you can read them while you're writing your own file
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
 LyX.
\end_float 
.
 Note that once you've got more than one document open, you can use the
 
\family sans 
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocuments
\family default 
 menu to switch between them.
 The
\emph on 
 Tutorial
\emph default 
 will not cover in detail subjects which are described in the other LyX
 manuals.
 This may make life a bit harder for you at the beginning, but it will keep
 the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
 short.
 It will also get you in the habit of using the other manuals, which ---
 in the long run --- will save you a lot of time.
\layout Standard

In this 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
, we're going to assume that you have a fully working version of LyX, as
 well as LaTeX, 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 or some other dvi viewer, 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 or some other way of converting 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 documents to PostScript® documents, and a working printer.
 This is a lot to assume.
 If any of this is not true, you (or a friendly system administrator) will
 need to set up your system.
 You can find information on setup in other manuals.
\layout Standard

Finally, we've written a file to let you practice your LyX skills on.
 It's called 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\family default 
.
 Imagine that it was typed by someone who didn't know about any of LyX's
 great features.
 As you learn new LyX functions, we'll suggest that you fix those parts
 of 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\family default 
.
 It also contains 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

subtle
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 hints about how to fix things
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

The hints are located in yellow 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Notes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
\end_float 
.
 If you want to cheat (or check what you've done), there's also a file called
 
\family typewriter 
example_lyxified.lyx
\family default 
 which contains the same text as written and typeset by a LyX master.
\layout Standard

The example files can be found in the 
\family typewriter 
examples/
\family default 
 directory, which you can get to by selecting 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
O
\bar default 
pen
\family default 
 and then clicking on the 
\family sans 
Examples
\family default 
 button.
 Open the raw document, and use 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Save 
\bar under 
A
\bar default 
s
\family default 
 to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
 As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect
 the dvi output.
\layout Standard

By the way, the 
\family typewriter 
examples/
\family default 
 directory contains lots of other examples files.
 They will show you how to do various fancy things with LyX.
 They are especially useful to display things that (due to length or other
 reasons) won't fit in the documentation.
 After you read the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
, or when you're confused about how to do something fancy in LyX, take a
 look at these files.
\layout Subsection

Typing, Viewing, and Printing
\layout Itemize

Open a new file with 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
N
\bar default 
ew
\layout Itemize

Type a sentence like: 
\family typewriter 
This is my first LyX document!
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

All right.
 You could actually type anything you want.
 It really doesn't matter.
 We'll apologize here for the inanity of this sentence, as well as anything
 we ask you to type in the future.
\end_float 
\layout Itemize

Save your document with 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Save
\protected_separator 

\bar under 
A
\bar default 
s\SpecialChar \@.

\layout Itemize

Run LaTeX to create a 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 file, with 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
View
\protected_separator 
dvi
\family default 
\SpecialChar \@.
 You may see things being printed in the window you ran the 
\family typewriter 
lyx
\family default 
 command from.
 These are messages from LaTeX, which you can ignore for now.
 LyX will run 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 (or some other 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 viewer), which will pop up a new window displaying what your document will
 look like when printed.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

You can save time by leaving 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 running in the background.
 Then, you can use 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
U
\bar default 
pdate
\protected_separator 
dvi
\family default 
 and just click on the 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 window (or unminimize it) after LaTeX finishes running.
\end_float 
\layout Itemize

Print by using 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
P
\bar default 
rint
\family default 
 and hitting 
\family sans 
OK\SpecialChar \@.

\layout Standard

Congratulations! You've written and printed your first LyX document.
 All of the rest is just details, which is covered in the rest of the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
, the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
, and the 
\emph on 
Reference
\emph default 
.
\layout Subsection

Simple Operations
\layout Standard

LyX can of course do most of the things you're used to doing with a word
 processor.
 It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
 Pull down a couple menus now
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

If you're like many 
\noun on 
unix
\noun default 
 users, you did so long before starting to read the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
.
\end_float 
 and you'll see that most of the simple commands (e.g., 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
E
\bar under 
x
\bar default 
it, 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
P
\bar default 
aste, 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
P
\bar default 
rint) 
\family default 
have the name you expect them to have, are in the menu you'd expect them
 to be in, and work as you expect them to work.
 Here's a quick description of how to do some other simple actions.
\layout Description

Undo LyX has 
\emph on 
capacity
\emph default 
 for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

infinite undo
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, which means you can undo everything you've done since your current editing
 session started, by selecting 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
U
\bar default 
ndo
\family default 
 over and over again.
 If you undo too much, just select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
R
\bar default 
edo
\family default 
 to get it back.
 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
 Undo also doesn't work for 
\emph on 
everything
\emph default 
, not for changes to the document layout for instance.]
\end_deeper 
\layout Description

Cut/Paste/Copy Use 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
C
\bar default 
ut
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
P
\bar default 
aste
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
C
\bar under 
o
\bar default 
py
\family default 
 to cut, paste, and copy.
 Or automatically paste selected text with the 
\emph on 
middle button
\emph default 
.
\layout Description

Find/Replace Use 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ind
\protected_separator 
&
\protected_separator 
Replace 
\family default 
for a case-sensitive search.
 In the resulting popup, search with the forward and backward arrows, and
 use the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
R
\bar default 
eplace
\family default 
 button to replace a word you've found.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Close the window when you're done.
 Or leave it open if you find it more convenient.
 Most popups in LyX --- including the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ind
\protected_separator 
&
\protected_separator 
Replace
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Table
\protected_separator 
of
\protected_separator 
Contents
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
Layout
\family default 
 popups, as well as the various math popups --- are windows that may be
 lowered, rather than closed.
 A few popups, like 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
O
\bar default 
pen
\family default 
, won't let you type anything in the main LyX window until you actually
 close the popup.
 Just be sure you have the right window focus when you're trying to type
 in the main LyX window or give a command in some other LyX popup.
\end_float 
\layout Description

Character
\protected_separator 
Formatting You can 
\emph on 
emphasize
\emph default 
 text (which will generally put characters in italics), put it in 
\series bold 
bold face
\series default 
, or in 
\noun on 
Noun Style
\noun default 
 (usually small caps, used for people's names) from the toggle buttons in
 the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 menu.
\layout Description

Toolbar There are buttons on the toolbar (just below the menus) which allow
 you to do some of the more popular functions, such as 
\family sans 
Paste
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Print
\family default 
.
 If you hold the mouse above one of the buttons on the toolbar, a little
 yellow note will tell you that button's function.
\layout Description

Minibuffer The gray line at the very bottom of the LyX window is called
 the minibuffer.
 This line will show all sorts of useful information.
 For example, when you save, it will tell you the name of the file you just
 saved.
 Some error messages may show up here, too.
 Note that you can 
\emph on 
type
\emph default 
 in the minibuffer too.
 This gives you access to all sorts of interesting functionality, including
 functionality which could break your document.
 In other words, don't type in the minibuffer unless you know what you're
 doing.
\layout Standard

Of course, you haven't yet written enough to make most of these functions
 useful.
 As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
\layout Subsection

WYSIWYM: Whitespace in LyX
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:whitespace}

\end_inset 

One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that LyX
 handles whitespace.
 As many times as you hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
, you'll only get one blank line.
 As many times as you hit 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
, you'll only get one space.
 On a blank line, LyX won't let you type even one space.
 The 
\family sans 
Tab
\family default 
 key won't move you forward one tab stop; in fact there 
\emph on 
are
\emph default 
 no tab stops! There's no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs
 or margins, either.
\layout Standard

Many commercial word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

What You See Is What You Get.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 LyX, on the other hand, is based on the principle that 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

What You See Is What You 
\emph on 
Mean
\emph default 
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 You type what you mean, and LyX will take care of typesetting it for you,
 so that the output looks nice.
 A 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 grammatically separates paragraphs, and a
\family sans 
 Space
\family default 
 grammatically separates words, so there is no reason to have several of
 them in a row; a 
\family sans 
Tab
\family default 
 has no grammatical function at all, so LyX does not support it.
 Using LyX, you'll spend more of your time worrying about the 
\emph on 
content
\emph default 
 of your document, and less time worrying about the 
\emph on 
format.

\emph default 
 See Section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx}

\end_inset 

 for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
\layout Standard

LyX does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
 After all, LyX might not typeset 
\emph on 
exactly
\emph default 
 what you mean.
 The 
\emph on 
User's Guide 
\emph default 
has information about all that.
 It includes 
\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
s and vertical space --- which are more powerful and versatile than multiple
 spaces or blank lines --- and ways to change font sizes, character styles,
 and paragraph alignments by hand.
 The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on
 content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
 With standard word processors, you'll be distracted by document formatting
 throughout the writing process.
\layout Standard

Another special kind of whitespace is the 
\family sans 
Protected
\protected_separator 
Blank
\family default 
, which is made by typing 
\family sans 
C-Space
\family default 
 (or 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pecial
\protected_separator 
Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Protected
\protected_separator 

\bar under 
B
\bar default 
lank
\family default 
) and shows up as a small pink 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

u
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 on the screen
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

If you've been reading this online, you probably noticed and wondered about
 these.
\end_float 
.
 If you put a 
\family sans 
Protected
\protected_separator 
Blank
\family default 
 between two words, it prints out just like a regular space on paper.
 However, a 
\family sans 
Protected
\protected_separator 
Blank
\family default 
 tells LaTeX not to put a linebreak in between those two words.
 A popular usage is when writing something like, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

see Section
\protected_separator 
1,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 where you want to make sure that 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 are on the same line
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

In the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
, we also use them when describing menu names, or special characters like\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\family sans 
Protected
\protected_separator 
Blank
\family default 
s!
\end_float 
.
\layout Section

Environments
\layout Standard

Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
 
\emph on 
environments
\emph default 
.
 Most of a document is made up of regular text.
 Section (chapter, subsection, etc.) titles let the reader know that a new
 topic or subtopic will be discussed.
 Certain types of documents have special environments.
 A journal article will have an abstract, and a title.
 A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment
 that gives the writer's address.
\layout Standard

Environments are a major part of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

What You See Is What You Mean
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 philosophy of LyX.
 A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting,
 line spacing, and more.
 This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen
t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for
 section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified
 type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and
 bibliography formats can vary widely.
 LyX lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 box is located on the left end of the toolbar (just under the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile
\family default 
 menu).
 It indicates which environment you're currently writing in.
 While you were writing your first document, it said 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Standard,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 which is the default environment for text.
 Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that
 you can see how they work.
 You'll do so with the 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 menu, which you open by clicking on the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

down arrow
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 icon just to the right of the 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 box.
\layout Subsection

Sections and Subsections
\layout Standard

Type the word 
\family typewriter 
Introduction
\family default 
 on the first line of your LyX file, and select 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 menu
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

You don't have to 
\emph on 
select
\emph default 
 the line.
 If nothing is selected, LyX changes the paragraph you are currently in
 to the selected environment.
 Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment
 by selecting them before picking an environment.
\end_float 
.
 LyX numbers the section 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
 (Of course, the section heading will also be typeset correctly in the 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 or printed document.) Now hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
\SpecialChar \@.
 Note that the 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 box changes from 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 back to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Standard
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type
 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
\SpecialChar \@.

\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

See the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 for ways to write titles with two or more lines.
 The 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 environment can of course continue for several paragraphs.
 The various list environments (see below) also don't end when you hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
.
 You can always tell what environment you're currently in by looking at
 the 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 box.
\end_float 
 Type the document introduction: 
\layout LyX-Code

This is an introduction to my first LyX document.
\layout Standard

Hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 again, and select 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
 from the
\family sans 
 Environment
\family default 
 menu again.
 LyX writes a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and waits for you to type a title.
 Type 
\family typewriter 
More Stuff
\family default 
, and you'll see that LyX again sets it as a section title.
\layout Standard

It gets better.
 Go to the end of Section
\protected_separator 
1 again (after 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

my first LyX document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

) and hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 again, and select 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
 from the
\family sans 
 Environment
\family default 
 menu again.
 Again, LyX writes 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and waits for you to type a title.
 Type 
\family typewriter 
About This Document
\family default 
.
 Section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

More Stuff
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, which used to be Section
\protected_separator 
2, has been automatically renumbered to Section
\protected_separator 
3! In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes
 up the section titles, and LyX takes care of numbering the sections and
 typesetting them.
\layout Standard

Hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 to get back to the 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 environment, and type the following five lines:
\layout LyX-Code

Sections and subsections are described below.
\layout LyX-Code

Section Description
\layout LyX-Code

Sections are bigger than subsections.
\layout LyX-Code

Subsection description
\layout LyX-Code

Subsections are smaller than sections.
\layout Standard

Click on the second line and select 
\family sans 
Subsection
\family default 
 from the
\family sans 
 Environment
\family default 
 menu.
 LyX numbers the subsection 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2.1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller
 than the section title.
 Change the fourth line 
\family sans 
Subsection
\family default 
 environment as well.
 As you probably expected, LyX automatically numbered the section 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2.2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 If you put yet another section before Section
\protected_separator 
2, Section
\protected_separator 
2 will be renumbered as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered
 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

3.1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

3.2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 
\layout Standard

Further levels of sectioning include 
\family sans 
Subsubsection
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Paragraph
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
Subparagraph
\family default 
.
 We'll let you play with these on your own.
 You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered
 by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 to change this.
 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
 headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
s, but you're only allowed to use them in certain types (textclasses) of
 LyX documents (see Section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses}

\end_inset 

).
 
\layout Standard

Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
 There are environments for this as well.
 If you change one of your section headings to the
\family sans 
 Section*
\family default 
 environment (you may have to scroll down in the 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 menu to find it), LyX will use the same font size for the heading as it
 uses for a regular section, but it won't number that section.
 There are corresponding 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

starred
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 heading environments for 
\family sans 
Subsection
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Subsubsection
\family default 
.
 Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
 and note how the other sections' numbers are updated.
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise
\series default 
: Fix the section and subsection headings in 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\family default 
.
 
\layout Subsection

Lists and sublists
\layout Standard

LyX has several different environments for typesetting lists.
 The various list environments free you from hitting 
\family sans 
Tab
\family default 
 a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list
 when you want to add a point in the middle of the list, and lets you concentrat
e on the list content.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Yes, we're overemphasizing this point throughout the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
.
 But it 
\emph on 
is
\emph default 
 the main philosophy of LyX, so please forgive us.
\end_float 
 Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
\layout Itemize

A slide presentation might use the 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
 
\layout Itemize

An outline would use the
\family sans 
 Enumerate
\family default 
 environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
 
\layout Itemize

A document describing several software packages could use the 
\family sans 
Description 
\family default 
environment, where each item in the list begins with a boldfaced word.
 
\layout Itemize

The 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment --- not found in LaTeX --- is a slightly different form of
 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Let's write a list of reasons why LyX is better than other word processors.
 Somewhere in your document, type:
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 
Lyx is better than other word processors because: 
\layout Standard

and hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
.
 Now select 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 menu.
 LyX writes a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

bullet
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 (actually, an asterisk, which will be converted to a round circle on output)
 on the line.
 Type in your reasons: 
\layout LyX-Code

Typesetting is done for you.
\layout LyX-Code

Math is WYSIWYG
\layout LyX-Code

Lists are very easy to create!
\layout Standard

List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
.
 Instead, LyX assumes you're going on to the next item in the list.
 The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
 If you want more than one paragraph within one list 
\emph on 
item
\emph default 
, one way is to use the 
\family sans 
Protected
\protected_separator 
Return
\family default 
, which you get by typing 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
.
 In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 environment (or just use the keybinding, 
\family sans 
M-p
\protected_separator 
s
\family default 
).
\layout Standard

You've got a beautiful itemized list.
 You might want to run LaTeX to see how the list looks when printed out.
 But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
 list
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

LyX won't let you select the first bullet unless you also select the paragraph
 
\emph on 
before 
\emph default 
the list, which you probably don't want to do.
 Similarly, you can't select the actual number in a numbered section title.
 Don't worry about it.
\end_float 
 and choose 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 menu.
 Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, LyX will fix the
 numbering.
\layout Standard

While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
nts, 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
, in order to see what they look like.
 For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which
 is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of
 the paragraph (until you hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
.) The term is either typeset in boldface (
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
) or separated by a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Tab
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
 term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter 
\family sans 
Tab
\family default 
.
\end_float 
 (
\family sans 
List
\family default 
) from the rest of the paragraph.
 If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate
 the words with 
\family sans 
Protected
\protected_separator 
Blank
\family default 
s.
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise
\series default 
: Typeset the list in 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\layout Standard

You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
 An obvious example would be writing outlines.
 Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
 schemes for sublists.
 See the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 for details on the different sorts of lists, as well as examples which
 use 
\emph on 
a lot
\emph default 
 of nesting.
\layout Subsection

Other Environments: Verses, Quotations, and More
\layout Standard

There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
 text: 
\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
 for short quotes and 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
 for longer ones.
 Computer code (the 
\family sans 
LyX-Code
\family default 
 environment, also used in the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
 for the long typing examples) is written in a 
\family typewriter 
typewriter
\family default 
 font; this environment is the only place in LyX where you're allowed to
 use multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
 You can even write poetry
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

\SpecialChar \ldots{}
assuming you're creative enough to come up with poetry in the first place.
\end_float 
 using the 
\family sans 
Verse
\family default 
 style, using 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 to separate stanzas, and 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
 to separate lines within a stanza.
 See the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 for more complete descriptions of all of the available LyX environments.
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise
\series default 
: Correctly typeset the 
\family sans 
Quote, LyX-Code,
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Verse
\family default 
 in
\latex latex 

\backslash 
linebreak
\latex default 
 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\layout Chapter

Writing Documents
\layout Standard

The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in LyX.
 It introduced you to the basic editing operations in LyX, as well as the
 powerful method of writing with environments.
 Most people who use LyX, though, will want to write documents: papers,
 articles, books, manuals, or letters.
 This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with LyX to
 writing a complete document.
 It will introduce you to textclasses, which allow you to write different
 sorts of documents.
 It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
 such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables
 of contents.
\layout Section

Textclasses and Templates: Writing Letters
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:textclasses}

\end_inset 

Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
 For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are
 single-sided.
 In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain
 some environments --- such as the sender's address and the signature ---
 which do not make sense in a book or article.
 The LyX 
\emph on 
textclass
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

LaTeX users: this is equivalent to the LaTeX documentclass
\end_float 
 takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of
 documents.
 This 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
, for example, was written in the 
\family sans 
Book
\family default 
 textclass.
 Textclasses are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they tell
 LyX how to typeset the document, so you don't need to know how.
\layout Standard

Your document is probably being written in the 
\family sans 
Article
\family default 
 textclass
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

That's usually the default textclass, although you can set it in your 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file.
\end_float 
.
 Try changing to other textclasses (using the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
C
\bar default 
lass
\family default 
 menu in the
\family sans 
\bar under 
 L
\bar default 
ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
 popup) to see how they are typeset differently.
 If you change your document to the 
\family sans 
Book
\family default 
 textclass and look at the 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 menu, you'll see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
 However, you can now use the 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
 environment.
 If you're ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given textclass
, just consult the 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 menu.
\layout Standard

Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
 of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
 As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
 electronic submissions, creating LaTeX 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

style files
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
 LyX is set up to support this as well.
 For example, LyX supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the
 American Mathematics Society journals using the 
\family sans 
Article
\protected_separator 
(AMS) 
\family default 
textclass.
\layout Standard

Here's a very quick reference to some of the textclasses.
 As usual, see the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 for details.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
7 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""

Name
\newline 
Notes
\newline 
article
\newline 
one-sided, no chapters
\newline 
article (AMS)
\newline 
layout & environments for American Math Society
\newline 
report
\newline 
longer than article, two-sided
\newline 
book
\newline 
report + front and back matter
\newline 
slides
\newline 
transparencies (also including FoilTeX)
\newline 
letter
\newline 
lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\layout Section

Templates: Writing a Letter
\layout Standard

One of the most popular textclasses is 
\family sans 
Letter
\family default 
\SpecialChar \@.
 One way to write a letter would be to open a 
\family sans 
\bar under 
N
\bar default 
ew 
\family default 
file, and choose 
\family sans 
Letter
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
C
\bar default 
lass
\family default 
 menu in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
 popup.
 While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra
 work.
 Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address,
 the address you're sending to, a body, a signature, etc.
 LyX therefore has a 
\emph on 
template
\emph default 
 for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template,
 you can just replace a couple parts of the letter with your text each time
 you write a letter.
\layout Standard

Open a new file with 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
New
\protected_separator 
from
\protected_separator 

\bar under 
t
\bar default 
emplate
\family default 
.
 After choosing a new filename, select 
\family typewriter 
letter.lyx
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
Choose
\protected_separator 
Template
\family default 
 popup.
 Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
\layout Standard

When you look at the 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 menu, you'll see several environments, like the 
\family sans 
My
\protected_separator 
Address 
\family default 
environment, which don't even exist in most other textclasses.
 Others, like 
\family sans 
Quote 
\family default 
and 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
, are familiar.
 You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments
 work.
 You'll notice for example that the 
\family sans 
Signature
\family default 
 environment has the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Signature:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 in red before the actual text of the signature.
 This word doesn't show up in the actual letter, as you'll see if you try
 printing the file.
 It's just there to let you know where the signature goes.
 Also, note that it doesn't matter where in the file the 
\family sans 
Signature
\family default 
 line is placed.
 Remember, LyX is WYSIWYM; you can put the 
\family sans 
Signature
\family default 
 environment anywhere you want, but LyX knows that in the printout, the
 signature should be at the end.
\layout Standard

A template is just a regular LyX file.
 This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
 as a new template.
 From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template
 to save time.
 We probably don't have to suggest an actual 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

exercise
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 here; just write a letter to someone
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

One warning, if you're writing from a template.
 If you erase all of the text in an environment --- for example, if you
 erase the whole 
\family sans 
My
\protected_separator 
Address
\family default 
 field so that you can replace it with your own --- and then you move the
 cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear.
 This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
 Just reselect the environment from the 
\family sans 
Environment
\family default 
 menu to get it back.
\end_float 
!
\layout Standard

Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
 possible.
 In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
 textclasses.
 Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring LyX for a bunch
 of less computer-aware users.
 When they're first learning LyX, it will be much less intimidating if they
 have a letter template customized for their company, for example.
\layout Section

Document Titles
\layout Standard

LyX (like LaTeX) considers the title --- which may contain the actual title,
 the author, the date, and even an abstract of a paper --- to be a separate
 part of the document.
\layout Standard

Go back to your 
\family typewriter 
newfile.lyx 
\family default 
document and make sure it's using the 
\family sans 
Article 
\family default 
textclass.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

You should not be using the letter any more, since the 
\family sans 
Letter
\family default 
 textclass doesn't allow titles.
\end_float 
 Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the 
\family sans 
Title
\family default 
 environment.
 On the next line, type your name and change it to the 
\family sans 
Author 
\family default 
environment.
 On the next line, write the date in the 
\family sans 
Date
\family default 
 environment.
 Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the 
\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
 environment.
 Now see how it looks when printed.
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise
\series default 
: Fix the title, date, and author in 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\layout Section

Labels and Cross-References
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels}

\end_inset 

You can label a section (or subsubsection, or, more rarely, just a random
 piece of text) in your document.
 Once you do so, you can refer to this section in other parts of the document,
 using cross-references.
 You can refer either to the section's number, or to the page that the section
 appears on.
 As with sections and footnotes, LyX worries about the cross-references
 for you.
 Automatic labels and cross-references are one of the best advantages of
 LyX (and LaTeX) over conventional word processors.
\layout Subsection*

Your first label
\layout Standard

Let's mark our second section, whose title is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

About This Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Click at the end of the section title line, and select
\family sans 
\bar under 
 I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
L
\bar default 
abel
\family default 
.
 A popup asks you for a section name.
 Type 
\family typewriter 
sec:aboutdocument
\family default 
, which seems like a good descriptive label that won't get confused with
 other labels we might add.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

We write 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

sec:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 because you can also label equations, tables, and figures.
\end_float 
 When you click on 
\family sans 
OK
\family default 
, the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
\layout Standard

By the way, you could have put the label right anywhere within the section
 as well; section references will refer to the last section or subsection
 whose heading comes before the label.
 However, putting it on the same line as the section title (or, perhaps,
 on the first line of the section's text) ensures that page references will
 reference the beginning of the section.
\layout Standard

So far you haven't done anything --- the 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 file will look exactly the same, since labels don't show up in the printed
 document.
 However, now that you've added a label, you can refer to that label with
 cross-references.
 We'll do that next.
\layout Subsection*

Your first cross-references
\layout Standard

Place the cursor somewhere in Section
\protected_separator 
2 of your document.
 Type 
\layout LyX-Code

If you want to know more about this document, then see 
\newline 
Section , which can be found on page
\protected_separator 
.
\layout Standard

Now --- with the cursor after the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
 
\family default 
--- choose 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
C
\bar default 
ross-Reference
\family default 
.
 The 
\family sans 
Insert
\protected_separator 
Reference
\family default 
 popup pops up.
 It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
 At the moment, there should be only one, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

sec:aboutdocument
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Select it (it may be selected by default) and click on 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert
\protected_separator 
Reference
\family default 
.
 Now put the cursor after the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

page
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, and click on 
\family sans 
Insert
\protected_separator 

\bar under 
P
\bar default 
age
\protected_separator 
Number
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
Insert
\protected_separator 
Reference
\family default 
 popup.
 (To be really correct, you should put a 
\family sans 
Protected
\protected_separator 
Blank
\family default 
 in between the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and the reference.
 Same for the page reference.)
\layout Standard

LyX puts the references in a box right where the cursor was.
 In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with either
 the page or section number (depending on what you selected in the 
\family sans 
Insert
\protected_separator 
Reference
\family default 
 popup).
 Conveniently, a cross-reference acts a hyperlink when you're editing a
 document in LyX; clicking on it will move the cursor to the referenced
 label, and 
\family sans 
C-<
\family default 
 will then move the cursor back to the reference.
 Use 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
U
\bar default 
pdate
\protected_separator 
dvi
\family default 
, and you'll see that on the last page we refer to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Section
\protected_separator 
2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Page
\protected_separator 
1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 (or whatever page Section
\protected_separator 
2's title is on).
\layout Subsection*

More fun with labels
\layout Standard

We told you that LyX worries about numbering cross-references; now you can
 test that.
 Add a new section before Section
\protected_separator 
2.
 Now rerun LaTeX, and --- voilà! --- the section cross reference changed
 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

3
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

! Change 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

About this Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection
\protected_separator 
2.1 instead of Section
\protected_separator 
3.
 The page reference won't change unless you add a whole page of text before
 the label, of course.
 
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
begin{sloppypar}
\layout Standard

If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a label, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

sec:myfirstlabel
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
 in the document.
 If you'll be inserting cross-references often (if, for example, you're
 writing a journal article), it may be convenient to leave the 
\family sans 
Insert
\protected_separator 
Reference
\family default 
 window open.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
end{sloppypar}
\layout Standard

If you want to make sure that the cross-referencing gets the pages right
 even for larger documents, 
\family sans 
\bar under 
C
\bar default 
opy
\family default 
 a couple pages of text from the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 to the clipboard, and 
\family sans 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
aste
\family default 
 the stolen text into your document
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

By the way, copying a chapter title may cause a LyX error, because chapters
 aren't allowed in the article class.
 If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
 If you want to know why this happens, see Section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses}

\end_inset 

.
 
\end_float 
.
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise
\series default 
: Fix the references in 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\layout Section

Footnotes and Margin Notes
\layout Standard

Footnotes can be added using the 
\family sans 
Insert
\protected_separator 
Footnote
\family default 
 button in the toolbar
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

The button shows an arrow pointing to red text, which is just below some
 black text.
\end_float 
 or 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ootnote
\family default 
\SpecialChar \@.
 Click at the end of the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

LyX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 somewhere in your document and hit the 
\family sans 
Insert
\protected_separator 
Footnote
\family default 
 button.
 A footnote line opens underneath the line you are currently typing on.
 At the left end of the line, you'll see the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

foot
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 written in red on a gray background.
 The rest of the line is outlined in red; that's where you write your footnote.
 LyX should place the cursor at the beginning of the line.
 Type 
\layout LyX-Code

LyX is a typesetting word processor.
\layout Standard

Now click on the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

foot.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 The footnote line disappears, leaving the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

foot
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, superscripted in red, showing where the footnote marker will be in the
 printed text; this is called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

folding
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 the footnote.
 You can unfold the footnote at any time --- and re-edit its text, if you
 want --- by clicking on the red 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

foot
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 marker.
\layout Standard

You may wonder why the footnote marker is a word instead of a number.
 The answer is that LyX worries about the footnote numbering for you in
 the printed text.
 You can see this yourself by looking at the 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 file (or printout).
 If you add other footnotes, LyX will renumber the footnotes.
 Since LyX (well, LaTeX, actually) takes care of the footnote numbering,
 there's really no need to put the numbers in the LyX file.
\layout Standard

A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
 Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote marker
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
 You might accidentally open the footnote if you're trying to select the
 marker itself with the mouse.
\end_float 
 and 
\family sans 
\bar under 
C
\bar default 
ut
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
aste
\family default 
 it.
 In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it
 and hitting the 
\family sans 
Insert
\protected_separator 
Footnote
\family default 
 button; change a footnote to regular text by clicking the 
\family sans 
Insert
\protected_separator 
Footnote
\family default 
 button when the cursor is in a footnote.
\layout Standard

Margin notes can be added using the 
\family sans 
Insert
\protected_separator 
Margin
\protected_separator 
Note
\family default 
 button
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

The button shows an arrow pointing to red text next to (i.e., in the margin
 of) black text, and should be next to the 
\family sans 
Insert
\protected_separator 
Footnote
\family default 
 button in the toolbar.
\end_float 
 or 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
M
\bar default 
argin
\protected_separator 
Note
\family default 
\SpecialChar \@.
 Margin notes are like footnotes, except that: 
\layout Itemize

the on-screen markers say 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 instead of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

foot
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Itemize

the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text 
\layout Itemize

margin notes are not numbered
\layout Itemize

when a note is folded, an exclamation point will be placed in the margin.
 This exclamation point will not show up in the printed text.
\layout Standard

Change your LyX footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
 note.
 Run LaTeX again to see what the margin note looks like.
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise
\series default 
: Fix the footnote in 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\layout Section

Bibliographies
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliographies}

\end_inset 

Bibliographies are similar to cross references.
 The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
 and they can be referenced from within the document.
 Like section titles, LyX and LaTeX make your job easier by automatically
 numbering the bibliography items and changing citations when the items'
 numbers change.
\layout Standard

Go to the end of the document and switch to the 
\family sans 
Bibliography
\family default 
 environment.
 Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference.
 Type 
\family typewriter 
The Lyx Tutorial, by the LyX DocTeam
\family default 
 as your first reference.
 Note that LyX automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
 Click on the boxed reference number, and a 
\family sans 
Bibliography
\protected_separator 
item
\family default 
 popup appears.
 You use the first field, the 
\family sans 
Key
\family default 
, to refer to this reference within the LyX document.
 By default, it is a number.
 Change the 
\family sans 
Key
\family default 
 field to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

lyxtutorial
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to make it easy to remember.
\layout Standard

Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
 Do so with 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
C
\bar under 
i
\bar default 
tation
\protected_separator 
Reference\SpecialChar \@.

\family default 
 LyX draws a gray box with three question marks surrounded by brackets,
 and a 
\family sans 
Citation
\family default 
 popup appears.
 The first field in this popup is also called 
\family sans 
Key
\family default 
, and this field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to
 cite
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

This is why it's a good idea to give the keys unique and logical names,
 instead of leaving the default numbers in the 
\family sans 
Key
\family default 
 field.
\end_float 
.
 Using the arrow pulldown menu at the right of the 
\family sans 
Key
\family default 
 field, select 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

lyxtutorial
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 (right now, that's the only item in the bibliography).
 Now run LaTeX, and you'll see that the citation appears in brackets in
 the text, referring to the bibliography at the end of the document.
\layout Standard

How are the other fields used? The 
\family sans 
\bar under 
R
\bar default 
emark
\family default 
 field in the 
\family sans 
Citation
\family default 
 popup will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within
 the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
 If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed
 output (for example, some journals would use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

[Smi95]
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the 
\family sans 
Label 
\family default 
field in the 
\family sans 
Bibliography
\protected_separator 
item
\family default 
 popup.
 As usual, you can see the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 for details.
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise: 
\series default 
Fix the bibliography and citation in 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\layout Section

Table of Contents
\layout Standard

You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
 LyX makes this very easy to do.
 Just hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 after your document title and before your first section title
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Don't frustrate yourself trying to click or backspace before the section
 number.
 It won't work.
 You're not allowed to edit the section number anyway, since LyX takes care
 of section numbering.
\end_float 
 and choose 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Lists
\protected_separator 
&
\protected_separator 

\bar under 
T
\bar default 
OC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Table
\protected_separator 
of
\protected_separator 

\bar under 
C
\bar default 
ontents
\family default 
.
 The words 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Table of Contents
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 will appear in a box (otherwise known as an inset) on the first line of
 the document.
 
\layout Standard

This may not appear to be very useful.
 However, if you look at your 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 file, you will see that a table of contents has been generated, listing
 the various sections and subsections in your document.
 As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those
 changes in the 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 file when you update it.
 
\layout Standard

The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document,
 because you can't edit it anyway.
 However, you can display the table of contents in a separate window by
 clicking on the table of contents inset, or by using 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
T
\bar default 
able
\protected_separator 
of
\protected_separator 
Contents
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

The menu command will work even if you don't have a table of contents inset
 in your document.
\end_float 
.
 This is a very useful tool.
 You can use the 
\family sans 
Table
\protected_separator 
of
\protected_separator 
Contents
\family default 
 window to move around your document.
 Clicking on a (sub)section title in the 
\family sans 
Table
\protected_separator 
of
\protected_separator 
Contents
\family default 
 window will highlight that line and move the cursor (in the LyX editing
 window) to that place in the document.
 You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
 You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout
 editing sessions.
\layout Standard

To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
 marker just like any other character.
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise
\series default 
: Fix the table of contents in 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\layout Chapter

Using Math
\layout Standard

LaTeX is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
 avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
 editors.
 Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations
 in LaTeX is more like programming than writing.
 Happily, LyX has WYSIWYM support for equations.
 If you are used to LaTeX, you'll find that all of the usual LaTeX math
 commands can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
 If, on the other hand, you've never written in LaTeX, then the 
\family sans 
Math
\protected_separator 
Panel
\family default 
 will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

LyX can't check if the math you're writing is actually 
\emph on 
correct
\emph default 
.
 Sorry.
\end_float 
.
\layout Section

Math Mode
\layout Standard

Somewhere in your LyX document, type: 
\layout LyX-Code

I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it's so simple.
 
\layout Standard

Now, that equation doesn't look very good, even in the 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 file; there's no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you'd
 like to write an actual superscript for the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 That bad typesetting happened because we didn't tell LyX that we were writing
 a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular old
 text.
\layout Standard

Math is written in Mathed, otherwise known as math mode.
 In order to enter math mode, just click the toolbar button with 
\begin_inset Formula \( \frac{a+b}{c} \)
\end_inset 

 written on it in blue.
 LyX will open a little blue square, with a purple rectangle around it.
 The blue square is an 
\emph on 
insertion point
\emph default 
, telling you that Mathed is waiting for you to insert something, and the
 rectangle indicates that you are in Mathed.
 LyX has placed the cursor in the blue square, so just type 
\family typewriter 
E=mc^2
\family default 
 again.
 The expression is typed in blue, and the blue square disappears as soon
 as the insertion point is not empty.
 Now type 
\family sans 
Esc
\family default 
 to leave Mathed (Note: clicking on the 
\family sans 
math
\family default 
 button again will 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 get you out of Mathed).
 The purple rectangle disappears, leaving the cursor to the right of the
 expression, and now if you type something, it will be regular text.
\layout Standard

Run LaTeX and look at the 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 file.
 Notice that the expression was typeset nicely, with spaces between the
 letters and the equals sign, and a superscript 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics.
 Numbers are just numbers.
\layout Standard

Mathed is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
 In LaTeX, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
sqrt
\family default 
; this can be frustrating, because you can't see what an expression looks
 like until you LaTeX the file, and may have to spend time to find missing
 brackets or other 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

bugs
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 On the other hand, LyX doesn't attempt to get the expression to look perfect
 (WYSIWYG), but it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression
 will look like.
 LaTeX then takes care of the professional typesetting.
 99% of the time, you won't have to make any changes to the font sizes or
 spacing that LaTeX outputs.
 This way (sorry to be so repetitive) you can focus on the 
\emph on 
content
\emph default 
 of your mathematical expressions, not their format.
\layout Section

Navigating an Equation
\layout Standard

Now let's change 
\begin_inset Formula \( E=mc^{2} \)
\end_inset 

 to 
\begin_inset Formula \( E=1+mc^{2} \)
\end_inset 

.
 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
 Note that when you enter the expression, the purple rectangle appears to
 let you know you're back in Mathed.
 Now you can use 
\family sans 
Left
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Right
\family default 
 to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

1+
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Again, you can use the arrow keys or 
\family sans 
Esc
\family default 
 to exit the expression, at which point the purple rectangle will disappear
 again.
 Many people find the arrows convenient, but you can also just click somewhere
 on the expression to put the cursor there and start Mathed.
\layout Standard

Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
 editing regular text.
 Use 
\family sans 
Delete
\family default 
 (or 
\family sans 
Backspace
\family default 
) to delete things.
 Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
U
\bar default 
ndo
\family default 
 works in math mode, as does cutting and pasting.
 One thing to be careful of: if you're right outside a Mathed expression
 and you type 
\family sans 
Delete
\family default 
 (or 
\family sans 
Backspace
\family default 
), it will delete the whole expression.
 Luckily, you can just use 
\family sans 
Undo
\family default 
 to get it back.
\layout Standard

What if you want to change 
\begin_inset Formula \( E=mc^{2} \)
\end_inset 

 to 
\begin_inset Formula \( E=mc^{2.5}+1 \)
\end_inset 

? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
 However, you can also use the arrow keys.
 If the cursor is just after the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

c
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 but before the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, then typing 
\family sans 
Up
\family default 
 will move the cursor to the level of the superscript, just before the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Add the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

.5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Now, hitting 
\family sans 
Down
\family default 
 will move the cursor back to the regular level.
 In fact, if you hit 
\family sans 
Down
\family default 
 from anywhere within the superscript, the cursor will be placed just 
\emph on 
after
\emph default 
 the superscript (so that you can then type the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

+1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

).
\layout Standard

You can also use 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 in navigating an expression.
 If you are currently within a Mathed structure (a subscript, superscript,
 fraction, square root, delimiters, or matrix, all of which are described
 in following sections), pressing 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 will move the cursor past that structure, but will stay within Mathed.
 So, if the cursor is anywhere in the superscript, typing 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 will move the cursor down to the regular level and just after the superscript.
 This means you can type 
\begin_inset Formula \( E=mc^{1+x}-2 \)
\end_inset 

 without using the mouse 
\emph on 
or
\emph default 
 the arrow keys, a method you'll probably prefer once you're more experienced.
 Just be careful not to type 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 between the one and the plus sign, or you will exit the superscript.
 In places where these actions don't make sense (say, between the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

m
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

c
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

), 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 will do nothing
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard


\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Tab
\family default 
 are 
\series bold 
not
\series default 
 used for making extra space between parts of an equation.
 That spacing is a typesetting issue, which means that you should let LyX
 (LaTeX) take care of it (see Sec.
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:whitespace}

\end_inset 

).
 If you're not entirely satisfied, there are ways to fine-tune spacing,
 for which you can see the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 --- but don't bother with fine-tuning until you're done putting all the
 content into your document.
\end_float 
.
\layout Standard

Note that if you type your expression and exit with 
\family sans 
Esc
\family default 
, there will be no space after the expression.
 This is fine if you're typing a period or comma, but if you want to type
 a word after the formula, you need to explicitly type 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 after you exit Mathed.
 As a shortcut, though, if you are at the very end of a Mathed expression,
 then pressing 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 will exit Mathed 
\emph on 
and
\emph default 
 print a space after the expression.
 That way you can write 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Formula \( f=ma \)
\end_inset 

 is my favorite equation
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 instead of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Formula \( f=ma \)
\end_inset 

is my favorite equation.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 
\layout Section

Exponents and Indices
\layout Standard

An exponent can be entered from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
M
\bar default 
ath
\family default 
 menu, but it's actually simpler just to type the caret key, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

^
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 LyX will place an insertion point (the blue square, remember?) in the superscri
pt, so that whatever you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller
 font size.
 Everything you type until you hit a 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 (or 
\family sans 
Esc
\family default 
 to exit Mathed entirely) will be in the superscript.
\layout Standard

Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy --- start one by typing the
 underscore key, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

_
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

.
 You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like
 this: 
\begin_inset Formula \( A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}} \)
\end_inset 

.
 
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise
\series default 
: Put equation 1 of 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\family default 
 into math mode.
\layout Section

The 
\family sans 
Math Panel
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
Math
\protected_separator 
Panel
\family default 
 is a convenient way to enter symbols or to perform many complicated Mathed
 functions.
 Many of these functions can be accomplished from the keyboard or the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
M
\bar default 
ath
\family default 
 menu.
 However, we're going to concentrate on using the 
\family sans 
Math
\protected_separator 
Panel
\family default 
, just to let you know what's out there; you can learn keyboard shortcuts
 later, from other manuals (hint, hint).
 So open up the 
\family sans 
Math
\protected_separator 
Panel
\family default 
 now and leave it open while reading this section.
\layout Subsection

Greek and symbols
\layout Standard

If you click on the button marked 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Formula \( \Gamma \rho \epsilon \epsilon \kappa  \)
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, you'll get a menu from which you can choose a Greek letter, which will
 show up at the cursor.
 Note that there are a couple variants of epsilon, pi, phi, theta, and sigma.
 As a shortcut, if you are typing text, you can choose something from the
 
\family sans 
Math
\protected_separator 
Panel
\family default 
, and Mathed will automatically be opened.
\layout Standard

Four other buttons at the bottom of the 
\family sans 
Math
\protected_separator 
Panel
\family default 
 allow you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math: various
 arrows, relations, operators, and sums and integrals.
 Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper
 limits on sums and integrals.
 The last button is the dreaded miscellaneous.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Nothing you can do that can't be done\SpecialChar \ldots{}
 All you need is 
\begin_inset Formula \( \heartsuit  \)
\end_inset 

.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 
\layout Subsection

Square roots, accents, and delimiters
\layout Standard

To type a square root, just click on the button with a square root sign
 on it.
 The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
 the square root.
 You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
 you want.
 LyX will automatically resize the square root to fit what's inside.
\layout Standard

Accenting a character (
\begin_inset Formula \( \overrightarrow{v} \)
\end_inset 

) or group of characters (
\begin_inset Formula \( \overrightarrow{a+b} \)
\end_inset 

) is done the same way.
 Hit the 
\family sans 
Decoration
\family default 
 button , which has a blue square with a black tilde
\protected_separator 
(~) over it, to open the 
\family sans 
Decoration 
\family default 
window.
 Click on a decoration, and LyX will print that decoration with an insertion
 point under (or over) it.
 Just type what you want in the insertion point, and type 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

exit
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 the decoration.
\layout Standard

Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
 are a bit more complicated.
 Hit the 
\family sans 
Delimiter
\family default 
 button, which features a blue square surrounded by brackets, to pop up
 the 
\family sans 
Delimiter
\family default 
 window.
 Click on a left delimiter with the 
\emph on 
left mouse button
\emph default 
 and a right delimiter with the 
\emph on 
right mouse button
\emph default 
.
 (Alternatively, use the radio buttons labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\bar under 
L
\bar default 
eft
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\bar under 
R
\bar default 
ight
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and then click on delimiters with the 
\emph on 
left mouse button
\emph default 
.) Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box at the top
 of the window.
 It's a pair of parentheses by default, but with this general selection
 method you can choose a pair of braces, a brace and a parenthesis, or even
 choose the empty square to have something like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Formula \( a=\left\langle 7\right.  \)
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken black line in LyX, but won't
 show up in the output).
\layout Standard

Once you've chosen your delimiters, click on 
\family sans 
OK
\family default 
 to put them into your expression (or hit 
\family sans 
Apply
\family default 
 if you want to leave the window open for next time).
 If you're lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
 using the 
\family sans 
Delimiter
\family default 
 window.
 However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
 will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
 Using the 
\family sans 
Delimiter
\family default 
 window will guarantee that the delimiters are sized based on what's inside
 them.
\layout Standard

You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
 existing text.
 Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
 on the button you want from the 
\family sans 
Math
\protected_separator 
Panel
\family default 
.
 Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form
 (
\begin_inset Formula \( f=ma \)
\end_inset 

 to 
\begin_inset Formula \( \overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a} \)
\end_inset 

).
 Once you've learned about matrices, this is how you'll put parentheses
 or brackets around them.
\layout Subsection

Fractions
\layout Standard

Fractions are simple in Mathed.
 Just click on the 
\family sans 
fraction
\family default 
 button in the 
\family sans 
Math
\protected_separator 
Panel
\family default 
, which shows a fraction with blue squares in the numerator and the denominator.
 LyX writes two insertion points in a fraction.
 As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
 a fraction.
 Click on the top square and type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Now hit 
\family sans 
Down
\family default 
 and type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 You've made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of
 the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions,
 whatever.
 
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise
\series default 
: Put equation 2 of 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\family default 
 into math mode.
\layout Subsection

TeX mode: Limits, log, sin and others
\layout Standard

Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in math mode, LyX thinks you're typing the product of the three variables
 
\begin_inset Formula \( s \)
\end_inset 

, 
\begin_inset Formula \( i \)
\end_inset 

, and 
\begin_inset Formula \( n \)
\end_inset 

.
 The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted
 was the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 typeset in Roman.
 In addition, LyX won't put a space between the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

x
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 (typing 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 will just exit math mode).
 So how do you get 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Formula \( \sin x \)
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 instead of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Formula \( sinx \)
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

?
\layout Standard

Click on 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in the 
\family sans 
Functions
\family default 
 listbox in the 
\family sans 
Math
\protected_separator 
Panel
\family default 
.
 The word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

sin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is written in red, in Roman type, otherwise known as TeX mode.
 The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type 
\family sans 
Backspace
\family default 
, it will delete the whole word.
 Now type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

x
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in Mathed.
 In the 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 file, the expression will be correctly typeset.
 Try it.
\layout Standard

Other commands you need to type in TeX mode using the 
\family sans 
Functions
\family default 
 listbox include other trigonometric functions and their inverses, hyperbolic
 functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
 These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Formula \( \cos ^{2}\theta  \)
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Formula \( \lim _{n\rightarrow \infty } \)
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise
\series default 
: Put equation 3 of 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\family default 
 into math mode.
\layout Subsection

Matrices
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:matrices}

\end_inset 

Click on the 
\family sans 
matrix
\family default 
 button in the 
\family sans 
Math
\protected_separator 
Panel
\family default 
.
 The Matrix popup has two sliding bars which allow you to choose how many
 rows and columns you want in your matrix.
 Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit 
\family sans 
Apply
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
OK
\family default 
.
 LyX prints 6 insertion points in a 
\begin_inset Formula \( 2\times 3 \)
\end_inset 

 matrix.
 As usual, you can put any sort of Mathed expression (a square root, another
 matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
 You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
\layout Standard


\family sans 
Tab
\family default 
 can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
 Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting 
\family sans 
Right
\family default 
 at the end of one box will move to the next box, 
\family sans 
Down
\family default 
 will move to the next row, etc.
\layout Standard

See the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
 and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
 Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
 LyX' wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
\layout Subsection

Display mode
\layout Standard

All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
 as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
 expressions.
 This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger
 ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need
 to write them in display mode.
 In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see
 the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
), and multi-line equations (see Sec.
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:multiline}

\end_inset 

) must be in display mode.
\layout Standard

Click on the 
\family sans 
display
\family default 
 button in the 
\family sans 
Math
\protected_separator 
Panel
\family default 
, which represents a couple lines of text before and after a centered blue
 box.
 LyX opens up an insertion point, but the insertion point is on a new line,
 and it's centered within that line.
 Now type an expression and run LaTeX to see how it looks.
 The 
\family sans 
display
\family default 
 button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple of your expressions
 to display mode and back.
 
\layout Standard

Display mode has a couple differences from regular Mathed:
\layout Itemize

The default font is smaller for a few symbols, like 
\begin_inset Formula \( \sum  \)
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Formula \( \int  \)
\end_inset 


\layout Itemize

Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
 written under rather than next to the symbols
\layout Itemize

Text is centered
\layout Standard

Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
ns are very similar.
\layout Standard

One final note about the way displayed equations are typeset: be careful
 about whether you're putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
 If your equation is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then don't
 press 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
.
 Doing so will cause the text 
\emph on 
after
\emph default 
 the equation to start a new paragraph.
 That text will therefore be indented, which is probably not what you want.
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise
\series default 
: Put the various equations in 
\family typewriter 
example_raw.lyx
\family default 
 into display mode, and see how they're typeset differently.
\layout Standard


\series bold 
Exercise
\series default 
: Using various tools you've learned in this section, you should be able
 to write an equation like: 
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
\log _{8}x & x>0\\
0 & x=0\\
\sum ^{5}_{i=1}\alpha _{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0
\end{array}\right. \]

\end_inset 


\layout Section

Multi-Line Equations
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:multiline}

\end_inset 

Try writing the following equations and looking at the resulting 
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 file.
 You will need to enter two separate equations in display mode.
 
\layout Standard


\begin_inset Formula 
\[
x=y+y+y+y+y\]

\end_inset 


\layout Standard


\begin_inset Formula 
\[
=5y\]

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

This doesn't look good at all! If you write two or more equations in succession,
 they look much better if their equals signs are aligned; this is especially
 true if the second equation has no left side.
 LyX allows you to write multi-line equations with some control over the
 alignment.
 
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{eqnarray*}
x & = & y+y+y+y+y\\
 & = & 5y
\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

This looks 
\emph on 
much
\emph default 
 better! The equals signs are aligned, and there is less vertical space
 between the equations.
\layout Standard

In order to start a multi-line equation, open a displayed Mathed expression
 and type 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
.
 LyX will print two lines, each with three empty insertion points.
 Like with matrices, you can use the mouse, arrow keys, or 
\family sans 
Tab
\family default 
 to move between insertion points.
 Try to reproduce the above multi-line equation.
 Note that it's legal to leave one or more insertion points empty in a multi-lin
e equation.
 This can be useful either for examples like the one above, or for splitting
 very long equations, like: 
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{eqnarray*}
x & = & a+b+c+d\\
 &  & +e+f+g
\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

LyX will line up the second (central) field of each line, so usually you'll
 put equals signs or other relational operators in that field; in fact,
 though, you can put whatever you want in there.
 But don't use a multi-line equation to print an array; use a matrix for
 that (see Sec.
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:matrices}

\end_inset 

).
\layout Standard

If you want an even longer set of equations, use 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
 to get a new line with three empty insertion points.
 If you aren't at the end of the line when you do it, the remaining stuff
 on the current line will be carried to the new line.
 If you hit 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
 when you've already written a (one-line) equation, the whole equation will
 be in the first field.
 Place the cursor before the equals sign and hit 
\family sans 
C-Tab
\family default 
 to move it to the second field.
 Then move past the equals sign, and 
\family sans 
C-Tab
\family default 
 again to move the right side of the equation to the third field.
 Try changing your 
\begin_inset Formula \( E=mc^{2} \)
\end_inset 

 equation to
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{eqnarray*}
E & = & mc^{2}\\
 & = & mc\times c
\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

If you've written too many lines, put the cursor at the end of a line and
 use 
\family sans 
M-e
\protected_separator 
k
\family default 
 to delete the following line.
 It will delete the linefeed and concatenate (all three insertion points
 of) the next line onto the end of the current one.
 If the following line is empty, it will effectively just delete it.
 Warning: using 
\family sans 
M-e
\protected_separator 
k
\family default 
 when you're not at the end of the line can lead to strange behavior.
\layout Section

More Math Stuff
\layout Standard

Mathed can do plenty more.
 By now, you're familiar with the basics, so we'll just refer to the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 for tips on how to:
\layout Itemize

Labeling and numbering expressions
\layout Itemize

Change typefaces, e.g., to write boldface text in an expression.
 We'll note here that clicking on the 
\family sans 
math
\family default 
 button in the toolbar while you're already in Mathed will write Roman text
 until you type a (non-protected) space.
\layout Itemize

Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
 (Don't worry about this until your final draft!)
\layout Itemize

Write macros.
 These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
 the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
 If you change the macro definition, the references to the macro will be
 changed throughout the document.
 Macros can even take arguments.
\layout Itemize

Do lots of other things we didn't have time to mention in this 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
.
\layout Chapter

Miscellaneous
\layout Section

Other Major LyX Features
\layout Standard

We haven't gone through all the possible commands in LyX, and we aren't
 planning on it.
 As usual, see the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 for more information.
 The exact function of every menu command is described in the 
\emph on 
Reference Manual
\emph default 
.
 We'll just mention a couple more major things LyX can do\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\layout Itemize

LyX has WYSIWYG support for tables.
 Use the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ta
\bar under 
b
\bar default 
le
\family default 
 to get a table.
 Click on the table with the 
\emph on 
right button
\emph default 
 to get a 
\family sans 
Table
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup which allows extensive table editing.
\layout Itemize

LyX also supports including PostScript® (or raw LaTeX) pictures within documents.
 (You guessed it: 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Fi
\bar under 
g
\bar default 
ure
\family default 
\SpecialChar \@.
 Then click on the figure to choose the file to include, rotate or scale
 it, etc.
 ) Tables and figures can have captions, and LyX will automatically generate
 lists of figures and/or tables.
\layout Itemize

Version control is supported, using RCS (
\family typewriter 
man rcsintro
\family default 
 for more info).
\layout Itemize

LyX is heavily configurable.
 Everything from how the LyX window looks to how the output comes out can
 be configured in a number of ways.
 Much configuration is done by editing the 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Currently, you need to edit the 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file with a text editor.
 Developers hope to create a GUI configuration that will run within LyX.
\end_float 
.
 For information on this, check out 
\family sans 
\bar under 
H
\bar default 
elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
C
\bar default 
ustomization\SpecialChar \@.

\layout Itemize

LyX is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
 Therefore, LyX has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
 German, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
) than many word processors.
 You can write documents in other languages, but you can also configure
 LyX to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
\layout Itemize

The LyX menus feature keybindings.
 This means that you can do 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
O
\bar default 
pen
\family default 
 by typing 
\family sans 
M-F
\family default 
 followed by 
\family sans 
O
\family default 
.
 Keybindings are also configurable (and keybindings even exist for some
 of the menus which have been translated from English).
 For information on this, check out 
\family sans 
\bar under 
H
\bar default 
elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
C
\bar default 
ustomization\SpecialChar \@.

\layout Itemize

LyX can read in LaTeX documents.
 See Section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:relyx}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Itemize

Spellcheck your document with 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pellchecker
\family default 
\SpecialChar \@.

\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note that the spellchecker only checks from the cursor to the end of the
 document.
\end_float 
\layout Section

LyX for LaTeX Users
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexusers}

\end_inset 

If you don't know anything about LaTeX, you don't have to read this section.
 Actually, you might want to 
\emph on 
learn
\emph default 
 about LaTeX, and then read this chapter.
 However, many people who begin to use LyX will be familiar with LaTeX.
 If you are such a person, you may be wondering if LyX can really do everything
 LaTeX can do.
 The short answer is that LyX can do pretty much everything LaTeX can do
 in one form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing
 a LaTeX document.
 Currently, there may be some annoyance in converting old LaTeX documents
 and in a couple other areas, but later releases of LyX will get rid of
 these problems.
\layout Standard

Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
 new LyX users will most likely be interested in.
 In the interests of keeping the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
 short, we will give only minimal information here.
 The 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 has a great deal of information on differences between LyX and LaTeX, and
 how to do various LaTeX tricks in LyX.
\layout Subsection

TeX Mode 
\layout Standard

Anything that you enter in Tex mode will be passed straight to LaTeX, and
 will be displayed in red on the screen.
 Enter TeX mode with 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
T
\bar default 
ex
\protected_separator 
Style
\family default 
 or by clicking on the red TeX toggle button in the toolbar.
\layout Standard

In Mathed, TeX mode is handled a bit differently.
 Enter TeX mode by typing a backslash.
 The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
 be in red.
 You exit TeX mode by typing 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret,
 or parenthesis.
 Once you exit TeX mode, if LyX knows the TeX command you've typed in, it
 will convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@.
 So if, in Mathed, you type 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
gamma
\family default 
, then when you type 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
, LyX will change the red 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

gamma
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to a blue 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Formula \( \gamma  \)
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros (although note
 that functions like 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
sin
\family default 
 will remain in red, since that is already WYSIWYM).
 This may be faster than using the 
\family sans 
Math
\protected_separator 
Panel
\family default 
, and will be especially convenient for experienced LaTeX users.
\layout Standard

As a special case, if you type a brace in Mathed's TeX mode, then Mathed
 will type the beginning 
\emph on 
and
\emph default 
 ending braces in red, then take you 
\emph on 
out
\emph default 
 of TeX mode and place the cursor between the braces.
 This makes it more convenient to type commands that Mathed doesn't know
 which take an argument.
\layout Standard

LyX can't do absolutely everything that LaTeX can do (yet?).
 Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but aren't
 WYSIWYG.
 TeX mode allows users to get the full flexibility of LaTeX, while having
 all the convenient features of LyX, like WYSIWYG math, tables, and editing.
 LyX could never support every LaTeX package.
 However, by typing 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
usepackage{foo}
\family default 
 in the preamble (see Section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble}

\end_inset 

), you can use any package you want --- although you won't have WYSIWYG
 support for that package's features.
\layout Subsection

Importing LaTeX Documents--- 
\family typewriter 
reLyX
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:relyx}

\end_inset 

You can import a LaTeX file into LyX by using the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
I
\bar default 
mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default 
 command in LyX.
 This will call a Perl script called 
\family typewriter 
reLyX
\family default 
---which will create a file 
\family typewriter 
foo.lyx
\family default 
 from the file 
\family typewriter 
foo.tex
\family default 
---and then open that file.
 If the translation doesn't work, you can try calling 
\family typewriter 
reLyX
\family default 
 from the command line
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

When LyX is installed, a separate executable called 
\family typewriter 
reLyX
\family default 
 will be placed in the same folder as the 
\family typewriter 
lyx
\family default 
 executable (e.g., 
\family typewriter 
/usr/local/bin/reLyX
\family default 
).

\family typewriter 
 reLyX
\family default 
 requires Perl (version 5.002 as of this writing).
\end_float 
, possibly using fancier options.
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 
reLyX
\family default 
 will translate most legal LaTeX, but not everything.
 It will leave things it doesn't understand in TeX mode, so after translating
 a file with 
\family typewriter 
reLyX
\family default 
, you can look for red text and hand-edit it to look right.
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 
reLyX
\family default 
 has its own manpage.
 Read it to find out about which LaTeX commands and environments aren't
 supported, bugs (and how to get around them), and how to use the various
 options.
\layout Subsection

Converting LyX Documents to LaTeX
\layout Standard

You might wish to convert a LyX Document to a LaTeX file.
 For example, a co-worker or co-author who doesn't have LyX might want to
 read it.
 This is very easy to do with LyX.
 Select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
E
\bar default 
xport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
as
\protected_separator 
LaTeX
\family default 
.
 This will create a file 
\family typewriter 
whatever.tex
\family default 
 from the 
\family typewriter 
whatever.lyx
\family default 
 file you are editing.
 LyX always creates temporary LaTeX files when viewing or printing files,
 so it is very good at generating LaTeX.
\layout Subsection

LaTeX Preamble
\layout Subsubsection

Document Class
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
 popup takes care of many of the options that you would input in a 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
documentclass
\family default 
 command.
 Change the class, default font size and paper size here.
 Put any extra options to the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
documentclass
\family default 
 command in the 
\family sans 
E
\bar under 
x
\bar default 
tra
\protected_separator 
Options
\family default 
 area.
\layout Subsubsection

Other Preamble Matter
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preamble}

\end_inset 

If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a LaTeX file, you
 can use them in a LyX document as well.
 Select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
L
\bar default 
atex
\protected_separator 
Preamble
\family default 
 and type in the popup window.
 Anything you type will (like TeX mode) be sent directly to LaTeX.
\layout Subsection

BibTeX
\layout Standard

LyX has support for BibTeX, which allows you to build databases of bibliographic
al references to be used in multiple documents.
 Select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Lists
\protected_separator 
&
\protected_separator 

\bar under 
T
\bar default 
OC\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
B
\bar default 
ibTeX
\protected_separator 
Reference 
\family default 
to include a 
\family typewriter 
bib
\family default 
 file.
 Click on the resulting 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

BibTeX
\protected_separator 
Generated
\protected_separator 
References
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 inset, and you will get a 
\family sans 
BibTeX 
\family default 
popup.
 In the 
\family sans 
Database
\family default 
 field, type what you would type inside the braces of a 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
bibliography{} 
\family default 
command
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Like in regular LaTeX, multiple bibliographies should be separated by commas,
 with no whitespace.
\end_float 
.
 Similarly, in the 
\family sans 
Style 
\family default 
field, type what you would type inside the braces of a 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
bibliographystyle{} 
\family default 
command.
\layout Standard

After you've done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies you're
 including with 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
C
\bar under 
i
\bar default 
tation
\protected_separator 
Reference
\family default 
 (see Section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bibliographies}

\end_inset 

).
 LyX will take care of running BibTeX.
 As of LyX 1.0.1, the combobox in the 
\family sans 
Citation
\family default 
 popup will show a list of all the references in your 
\family typewriter 
bib
\family default 
 file.
\layout Subsection

Miscellaneous
\layout Standard

See the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pecial
\protected_separator 
Character
\family default 
 menu for other special characters, including ellipsis, forced linebreak,
 and hyphenation point.
\layout Section

Errors!
\layout Standard

Sometimes when you LaTeX a document, there will be errors, things that LyX
 or LaTeX can't understand.
 When this happens, LyX will create an error box (a box with the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

error
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in it).
 Clicking on this box will pop up a window showing what the error was.
 If it was something you did wrong with LyX, it will be a LyX error.
 These should be very rare.
 If LaTeX had a problem (most often, this happens with things you typed
 in TeX mode) then LyX will just quote LaTeX's error message.
\the_end
