  RU.LINUX Frequently Asked Questions
  Alexander Kanavin, ak@sensi.org
    25.10.2002.

      ( ),    Linux.
      c  <http://www.sensi.org/~ak/linux-
  faq/>


  [1m1.  [0m

  H        *

  [1m1.1.       FAQ?[0m

      ,     FAQ 
  copy-and-paste. (Alex Kanavin)

  [1m1.2.    ?[0m

    FAQ    -   ak@sensi.org

  [1m1.3.            FAQ?[0m

  :       FAQ.

    SSL (openssl). VPN. Kerberos.

     ,     

          ,    -
              .

   ,      ""
    .

  [1m1.4.         FAQ?[0m

   FAQ list    URL:
  http://www.sensi.org/~ak/linuxfaq/

  [1m1.5.      Fidonet   FAQ   [0m
  [1m    ?[0m

  FAQ   Fidonet FREQ :

  2:450/176.15 freq alias: LINUXFAQ (work time: 21:30-6:30).
  2:5013/14  linuxfaq (  )
  2:5020/1255   NEWFAQ (c 21:00  ZMH, CM  )
  2:5030/902   LINUXFAQ (  )
  2:5045/71   freq alias: LINUXFAQ   worktime: CM
  2:5061/108  LINUXFAQ ( 00:00  06:00)
  2:5069/11 CM  LINUXFAQ
  2:5077/7, Alias: LINUXFAQ (Work time: 23:30-06:00 [MSK+2])


  FAQ     :

  to: faqrobot 2:5036/26 subj: rulinux.faq


           
    FAQ.  ,       
   .


  [1m1.6.    FAQ,    .[0m

     RU.LINUX (  ).

  (c) -  , FidoNet 2:5030/532.

  (s) -  , mbravo@kronverk.spb.su,  
  1999

  (s) - A , ak@sensi.org

     FAQ  ftp/www/etc  
  . ,      .
        . (
     :-)

  [1m1.7.   ,         ?[0m

          -    
   ( ,      ),
  faq's   ( /usr/doc/faq), HOWTOs  .. 
      <http://groups.google.com/>.   , 
      -   ,    
     ,      .

        ,   
   ,   .    ,
      ,    
    -  ,   , 
   ,        ( 
  ,   ),   .

   ,     ru.linux, ,   
     ru.unix - ,  Unix-   
   ru.gnu - ,     GNU.
     ru.unix.prog -   Unix,
  ru.unix.multimedia -      ru.unix.ftn -
    Unix.       ru.linux.chainik, 
         ,    
        ru.linux   ru.unix.
     ru.unix.linux,       ,
       ru.linux,    
             
  .

  [1m1.8.  *      ,   [0m
  [1m   ?[0m

  :

  How To Ask Questions The Smart Way
  <http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html>

  :    
  <http://ln.com.ua/~openxs/articles/smart-questions-ru.html>

  How to Report Bugs Effectively
  <http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html>

  [1m2.     Linux[0m


  [1m2.1.     Linux...[0m

         :   
     ?       , 
       :

     Linux-       
        Windows.  ,  ,  
          " Word"  "
     Excel".

          
       

        

         

          . 
       ,      . 
     ,        (  
        ).     
      .

  [1m2.2.    Linux,       [0m
  [1m   ?[0m

     <http://www.lug.ru>    Linux
   .     ,    
  .      -    
     .  LUG   
  ( ), ,     - .
      LUG  ,   " 
     -    (CD-R) ?"
          Fido,
      Unix/Linux (: SPB.LINUX,
  SPB.FILES).      :  
   ,    c   , 
    ,  ,     
     .

  [1m2.3.  ,    ?[0m

  ,    ,     
  ,    : <http://linux.iplabs.ru>,
  <http://linux.vinchi.ru>, <http://www.linux-ink.ru>,
  <http://www.mistral.ru>, <http://www.bolero.ru>,
  <http://www.books.ru>, <http://www.linux-online.ru>.

        
  <http://www.ebuy.dp.ua>.   - -
  <http://www.shopsys.spb.ru>.

       

      -   ,      

       

    " /   ".  H
            .
     (-   -   
        walnut creek, cheapbytes  infomagic 
      .    , ,  ,
         .   
       ,  "" .)

           
       ,      
     .   ,       ,
               ftp (
       ) -     GPL.
     ,    cd-r    ,  
       (,    
     ).

       ,       
  , ,  ,      ,  
   ,          
   .

  [1m2.4.      (, - )  [0m
  [1m   ?[0m

  :    mbravo@kronverk.spb.su,   
  (2:5030/902, idv@aanet.ru,      
   ),    ( 68, 110-1303), 
    (312-5208,  <http://linuxcenter.ru>).

  :     H p. H p   
  p, p - CompuLink, ,   p  .

   ALT Linux:  <http://www.altlinux.ru/index.php?module=buy>)

   Vinchi Group (     <http://www.vinchi.ru>)

   Bolero (. , 14,   ,  3, .319.
   124-6455).

  --:   p    p "Proga" -
  .    188,  320. .53-41-22.

  -: TOO e.com (480091, .  103, 3 , .
   505-777,  505-778)

  :  (553-5547,   )

  . (0692)553148  <http://www.sevcom.net>

  :  ASPLinux  <http://www.spez.com.ua>

   : ?

  [1m2.5.       XXX/url   [0m
  [1m?    ,    ,   [0m
  [1m,  ?[0m

   [1m<[22mhttp://www.freshmeat.net>.   .

    <http://www.opennet.ru>     
     ( <http://www.opennet.ru/lastsoft/> -
   ,  <http://www.opennet.ru/news/> - "")

  [1m2.6.     <->    "`^:,:#`!  [0m
  [1m ?[0m

          c  
        ,   update' 
  ,  .  ,     
    .     
    .  Red Hat   ,  
  <http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla/>

       ,    
     (   ,
         )  
       ,     
  - . ,   ,    
  ,      ,     
  -.

  [1m2.7.    ,  p  p? (  , [0m
  [1m  )[0m

   ru.books.computing faq ( <http://alexm.here.ru/rbcfaq.txt>).

     "Linux.    ". BHV,
  1997, ISBN 5-7315-0002-9 ,    (   
     96 )  .   
    "  Linux"   (
   99 ,     97)    "UNIX: 
   "  .  .,   
   (   ) - "UNIX: 
   "  H. - 
       .  __ (
   !)      . "
  UNIX", (  - , , 1996, ISBN 966-506-043-0,
   - ,  2000).   ,  , 
    "unix",   "linux".    
           
     -  ,   
  ,        . 
   ,     ( 1999)
   "Unix Power Tools"  O'Reilly -  
       shell.   -
        .   
  man bash  .

     Linux Users Group,   . .-
  LUG (spblug)    <http://www.spb.lug.ru/> 
  (mlug) --   <http://www.moscow.lug.ru>   
     lug    <http://www.lug.ru>.

     ,   . 
  ,     ,  
      - 

  p p   Linux Documentation Project.

  <http://www.linuxdoc.org>

    , , ,  
  <http://www.linux.org.ru/books/>.

          :

    <http://www.linux.org.ru>

    <http://lib.ru>

    <http://www.gnu.org.ru>

    <http://www.opennet.ru>

    <http://linux-ve.chat.ru>

    <http://www.nevod.ru/linux/doc/>

    <http://xtalk.price.ru>

    <http://alexm.here.ru>

  [1m2.8.    Red Hat Linux ( Red Hat- ). [0m
  [1m    ,    ?[0m

    Red Hat Reference Guide (/doc/ref-guide  -).
        Package Management with RPM
   System Administration.    c
  /usr/doc/initscripts-x.xx.   ,   
   ,    ,      .

        
  Linux-    ,  94 .

  [1m2.9.      ,      ! [0m
  [1m!     ?! (:  [0m
  [1m      ...!  !)[0m

  Linux - ,      .
  ,       ,    
      ,      
  ,  ,      
      CD      , 
          -
  - ( ,   ,  
  "   - " -    
  ,         
  ).   , ,       -
  ,       . , 
   -, -,      , 
   ,  ,     -   ,   ,
     ,   . 
  '    ,   ,
      freq,   U*,  
  ,  -    .    , 
    c   ,   
   .

  [1m2.10.      ,     ...  ?[0m

          FAQ.

    CD-R:

   :    (2:5030/902, idv@aanet.ru). H freq
  FILES    .     
     .

  BBS    :

   : Quasi-BBS 702-52-49 23:00-08:00

  Ultrix BBS, 00:00-07:00, 462-8291, Sysop - Arthur Komarov
  (5020/943.17) (TNSDrive 2.0b1)

  unitrecordHQ, 0:00-7:30, 162-9286,  , sysop - tim
  kondratyev (2:5020/1989.1)

   :

  2:5030/763 TMA BBS,    (-).

      - 2:461/220

  Spezvuz BBS CM 057-7123313 Alexander Grinevich (2:461/1024)

  2:463/57   ( -)

  -: ISP BBS CM 3272-638796 Alexander Uskov (2:5083/21) (TNSDrive
  2.0b4)

  [1m2.11.   - [0m

  info gcc,libc,gdb

  /usr/doc/LDP/lpg     LDP,    .  (
  <http://www.linuxdoc.org>)

  Cc       curses   
  : <http://www.linuxprogramming.com/>

   "  "   <http://lib.ru>  
       <http://lib.ru/BACH/>

        .     :

  "   C++  Unix"  , BHV

  " UNIX"   -     
    .  ,   
  ,     / ()  ,
     : , , .  
    -     .

     Unix   [1mru.unix.prog[22m,  
   news:comp.unix.programmer.    FAQ   "Properly
  tuned Unix Application".

  [1m2.12.  H     {p  /  [0m
  [1m normal  / -  /   8Gb }  [0m
  [1m?[0m

    p   1- hd,  p  bios
  (1024 p),  p _pp p_,  
     p pp  p /p.
  p     p  p  pp
  loadlin.exe.    man rdev.

    lilo (>21.3)      ,
  ,  1024.   BIOS      
   lba32,      /etc/lilo.conf.

     lilo     GRUB
  <http://www.gnu.org/software/grub>

      NUNI,   
   BIOS     IDE-. 
    PCI IDE  ()  .
       ext2fs.

  [1m2.13.     ,     -  [0m
  [1m. (:   150 -    ,  [0m
  [1m)        NT'//OS/8, etc.[0m

  (Alex Korchmar)       - ___
    .

   ,    /,    
  - _ _    win4lin, vmware   , 
    "", "", "live-fs"  
  -,        FAT -
       .


    "  -    " - 
   .     ,    - 
    - ,    .     
       -     
   ()     () 
    .   , ,   .

  [1m2.14.        : Linux, Win-[0m
  [1mdows NT, Windows 9?.     ?[0m

   :  ,   win'95/98  dos,
     ,  ,   
    .   ,     ( 
  -    )       
  MBR,   Linux.

     :      
    ?  NT Loader,    
    HOWTO/mini/Linux+NT-loader.  LILO,   
   :

  1. LILO    MBR     Primary linux ,
       MBR   ,   , 
       MS-DOS (  fdisk /mbr).

  2.      Windows 9?,    ,  
             MBR 
      ,     
         .    
          .     -
        "".  Windows NT  2000
       MBR  ,  Windows NT  MBR  
      Disk Administrator -  ,    Disk
     signature (  32-   ), 
       MBR     LILO.

  3. NT Loader     hda1  hda2, ,
      fat16 .

  4.     Win 9?   lilo,    NT
     Loader,    lilo.conf:

     other = /boot/bootsect.dos
       label = win


  bootsect.dos      ,  
   NT Loader

         /
     /usr/doc/HOWTO/[mini/]Linux+{ }

  (Alexander Pevzner, 2:5020/59.9) IMHO,    
          ,
              
   fdisk-  .     .

  [1m2.15.     DN  Linux, FAR  Linux,  mc,[0m
  [1m     DN,       Linux[0m
  [1m(mc  ) etc etc[0m

  (Andrey Terebecky <mailto:arey@penguinpowered.com>) H  
  ,      DN, FAR, etc -    
  MC.     ,  mc  
   F1 (     ),  
    . H    
  CD-,        -
     MC .   DN     
     (,
  ,   ).  
         
  ,  MC    .

   , MC      Unix\Linux  
  .          shell
  (zsh, tcsh, bash, etc).      
        shell  
      ,    .  
  MC  ,   shell      - 
    ,    ,   
  AVFS ( <http://www.inf.bme.hu/~mszeredi/avfs/>)

   Unix\Linux    MC - X Northern Captain (
  <http://xnc.dubna.su>), deco ( <ftp://ftp.cronyx.ru/cronyx/>),  
      Nickolay N. Parfenov ( <http://usrsrc.chat.ru>),
  VFU ( <http://www.biscom.net/~cade/vfu>), ytree (
  <http://www.han.de/~werner/>).

           DN, FAR  Linux -
    . H      , 
    -        ,  
       .

  (Viktor Krapivin 2:450/102.1  Dmitry Chernyak 2:503/983.998)

     90   p - "pp".  DN  
   ().   p - .   , 
  XEmacs p    "",   vim  -  8-) p
  ,   .     p  p.  ""
        ,   
   ,       .

     ""     
    , ,  bg/fg, 
  screen , , X-Window.  ,    
  " ",      vi.  
      ,  ,  vi - __, 
  ""  DN -  ,     ,
     .    .

  [1m2.16.  *    Linux-     Bor-[0m
  [1mland C++ Builder, Borland Delphi, Microsoft Visual C++,  ..?[0m

  Borland Kylix  <http://www.borland.com/kylix/> Victor Wagner
  <mailto:vitus@communiware.ru>

    .

  xwpe (    Turbo C++), rhide, motor, KDevelop,
  Glade, Source Navigator

  H     .

     ,      
    .  ,     .

    ,  -    *nix 
  ,         
  ,      (    -
   C,  -  perl/tcl/python/slang,     SQL 
   ).

   ,       
     .

  H    ,    . , 
         , 
    .

         
   - vim  emacs,     .  
      ,  make   , 
     ,    ,
     .

  ( Alex Kanavin:        
  The Art of Unix Programming,     , 
     Unix -     
   Unix    , 
  Windows-.    :
  <http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/taoup/>

  [1m2.17.  *  ,    Linux...[0m

   " Linux"  .   
  *nix.      <news:fido7.ru.unix.prog>.

  [1m2.18.         : ... ?[0m

    Victor Wagner,      ,
       . 
  ,  .   .

  [1m2.19.      ...[0m

    RU.LINUX.CHAINIK. ,     
    .

  [1m3.  [0m

       Alexander Voropay
  <mailto:alec@sensi.org>.

  [1m3.1.       ...[0m

         :

     

      (libc) locale

      X Window -   

         

    

         -.

   Cyrillc-HOWTO
  <http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/unmaintained/Cyrillic-
  HOWTO>,         
  ,      (Last version :
  v4.0, 23 January 1998), :
  <http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin/Cyrillic-HOWTO-russian-old/Cyrillic-
  HOWTO.html>.


       Cyrillic-HOWTO   (
            HOWTO).
    :  <http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin>

            - 
  Cyrillic-HOWTO ().

  [1m3.2.   .[0m

    Linux      
     : kbd  consoletools.

  <ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux/utils/kbd/> 
  <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kbd/>

  <http://lct.sourceforge.net>

       ,  .  , 
  Red Hat 4.  5.x      kbd. 
   Red Hat 6.x       - consoletools.

   Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO,   HOWTO 
     kbd,  ,   
   kbd. ;-) <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Keyboard-and-
  Console-HOWTO.html>

   " "     
    ( kbd):

  $ setfont Cyr_a8x16
  $ mapscrn koi2alt
  $ echo -ne "\033(K"
  $ loadkeys ru1


     console-tools:

  $ consolechars -f UniCyr_8x16 -m koi8-r
  $ echo -ne "\033(K"
  $ loadkeys ru1


  . man     'man console_codes'.  ,
    ,  console-tools  /usr/doc/console-tools*, 
  .

  NB!  ,   console-tools    
   UNICODE screen-font map (SFM)      
   .       console-tools-
  cyrillic: <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonts/linux/>

   ,       
  ,       
  .      .
  " "    
  ,        .

   ,  Linux       
  .

          (  mc)  
  ,   TERM=linux .

          CP-866 - , 
          ""
    C1,   "" 0x9B   
  ESC (CSI).   KOI8-R.

  [1m3.3.    " !"    ?[0m

       locale.    ,
    locale:

  $ locale
  LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R
  LC_CTYPE="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
  LC_NUMERIC="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
  LC_TIME="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
  LC_COLLATE="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
  LC_MONETARY="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
  LC_MESSAGES="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
  LC_ALL=
  $


     ,    locale (ru_RU) 
   KOI8-R.    'cal'  'date' - 
     .

    ,   locale    
    LANG=    (
  /etc/profile)  .


  $ export LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R


   Red Hat-based      
  /etc/sysconfig/i18n ,  ,   

  LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R



  [1m3.4.  *   locale ?   LANG,    .[0m

    -    locale  
  <http://www.sensi.org/~alec/locale>.   ,   
    (,   
       ..)

   X-Window   Xlib  Xt   
   (XLC_LOCALE)   ""  
  locale. : {X11Root}/doc/i18n   ( RedHat:
  /usr/share/Xfree86-doc/i18n).   .PS
  <http://www.tsu.ru/~pascal/x_locale/>.

        , 
  LANG=ru_RU   LANG=ru,   __  :
  LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R .    LANG=ru_SU, 
     :-)

   ,    " "  
  ru_RU.KOI8-R .  'locale -a'   
   .      ru_RU.KOI8-R, 
   ,   LANG=   " " :



  $ localedef -c -i ru_RU -f KOI8-R ru_RU.KOI8-R
  Computing table size for character classes might take a while... done
  Computing table size for collation information might take a while... done
  $
  $ cd /usr/lib/locale
  $ mv ru_RU.koi8r ru_RU.KOI8-R


  (   - /usr/share/locale)

  NB!  localedef  "" (mangled)  , 
      "ru_RU.koi8r".    
   .   ,      
  LANG="ru_RU.KOI8-R"   mangling-    
    .    --  .

     

  LANG=ru
  LC_ALL=ru_RU.KOI8-R


   .       LC_ALL
   (  LANG=,    LC_xxxx
  ""  ).   
  <http://www.sensi.org/~alec/locale/>   " ..."

  [1m3.5.       ,   [0m
  [1m    ?[0m

      :

  LANGUAGE=en_US
  LC_MESSAGES=en_US


   RedHat       /etc/sysconfig/i18n .

  [1m3.6.    locale    ,  bash   [0m
  [1m  , .[0m

        
  LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R     , 
  ,    readline ( bash), 
        128  META-
  (  ).

     readline  ,  
  

  INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc


   ,   /etc/inputrc

  set meta-flag on
  set convert-meta off
  set output-meta on


     readline ( bash)   
  .

     :   INPUTRC=,      
   ~/.inputrc ( home-).     
       .
  . man readline.

  [1m3.7.  Red Hat  [0m

  C  /etc/sysconfig/i18n.    - :

  SYSFONT=UniCyr_8x16
  SYSFONTACM=koi8-r
  LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R


      kbdconfig   
   /etc/sysconfig/keyboard,  :

  KEYTABLE=ru1


       /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit, /sbin/setsys-
  font.    ,    /usr/doc/initscripts-x.xx/, 
     .

  [1m3.8.  Debian  [0m

  Debian 2.2:     /etc/init.d/console-
  screen.sh

  /etc/console-tools/config:

  #
  SCREEN_FONT=Cyr_a8x16
  APP_CHARSET_MAP=koi8-r
  #
  APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc2=koi8-r
  APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc3=koi8-r
  APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc4=koi8-r
  APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc5=koi8-r
  APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc6=koi8-r


    ,    console-tools-cyrillic.

     /etc/init.d/keymaps-lct.sh  
   /etc/console-tools/default.kmap.gz    
        symlink. 
       : kbdconfig.

  /etc/environment:

  LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R



  [1m3.9.      KOI8-R  XFree86 ?[0m

         .   
  (  X )  :

  $ xlsfonts -fn "*-koi8-r"


      -    :-)

     XFree86 3.3.2   cronyx-*   
   XFree.    --   .  Red Hat
     XFree86-cyrillic-fonts-XXXX.rpm . 
    /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic .
       X Window.  ,   
  /etc/X11/XF86Config   :

  Section "Files"
     ...
     FontPath   "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic"
     FontPath   "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi"
     ...
  EndSection


    cyrillic    .  X  
    : xlsfonts -fn "*-koi8-r" .

   .  "      ?" 
    TrueType    ,  
   X Window.

       -.  -,
        ,  -  
  -    TrueType.  Red Hat
  - xfsft    XFree86-xfs.

  <http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/>

  [1m3.10.    ,   X Window    [0m
  [1m?[0m

        X :

    XKB,    X11R6

    xmodmap,   X11R5

       X 3.3.x  XKB  /etc/X11/XF86Config  
     :

     Section "Keyboard"
             ...
             XkbRules "xfree86"
             XkbModel "pc101"
             XkbLayout "ru"
             XkbOptions "grp:shift_toggle"
     EndSection


   X 4.0.x

  Section "InputDevice"
          ...
          Driver "keyboard"
          Option "XkbRules" "xfree86"
          Option "XkbModel" "pc101"
          Option "XkbLayout" "ru"
          Option "XkbOptions" "grp:shift_toggle"
  EndSection


       Model   "pc101", "pc104"
   "pc105",   :



  grp:toggle              Alt ( "")
  grp:caps_toggle        Caps_Lock
  grp:shift_toggle        Shift
  grp:ctrl_shift_toggle  Control+Shift
  grp:ctrl_alt_toggle    Control+Alt


   4.0.x   :

  grp:alt_shift_toggle   Alt+Shift
  grp:menu_toggle        Menu (   pc104, pc105)


      XKB,   <http://www.tsu.ru/~pas-
  cal/other/xkb/>      " ",
   xxkb, ,    
  ,       
   .

         
  xmodmap : xruskb  Alexander V. Lukaynov <mailto:lav@yars.free.net>

  <ftp://ftp.yars.free.net/pub/software/unix/X11/> (primary site)

  <ftp://ftp.relcom.ru/pub/x11/cyrillic/>

       X11R5 , 
  ,    MS Windows.     XFree86
     XKB  /etc/X11/XF86Config 
  XkbDisable.    xruskb: jcukeng-cyr.xmm

    X   xev:  
    XkeySym   (0x6xx),  xev 
   Cyrillic_IE  .    ,  
  OCyrcumflex e.t.c.

  [1m3.11.   c ,       ?[0m

   vfat   (c  /etc/fstab/):

  /dev/hda5 /mnt/d vfat noexec,rw,umask=002,codepage=866,iocharset=koi8-r,gid=100 0 0



   mount /mnt/d.     (>=2.0.36)   
     (,   
  /lib/modules/`uname -r`/fs/nls_*) - CP866  KOI8-R,   
  (   )   .

   CD,     :

  $ mount -t iso9660 -o iocharset=koi8-r  /dev/cdrom  /mnt/cdrom


   codepage  isofs  ,    JOLIET 
     UNICODE.

        'man mount'   
      /usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/ 
  /usr/doc/kernel/filesystems/

  [1m3.12.  *          Samba?[0m


      /etc/smb.conf

  [global]
  character set = koi8-r
  client code page = 866
  preserve case = yes
  short preserve case = yes
  default case = lower
  mangle case = no


     smb     
   (   >=2.2.20 )

  CONFIG_NLS_DEFAULT="koi8-r"
  CONFIG_SMB_NLS_DEFAULT=y
  CONFIG_SMB_NLS_REMOTE="cp866"
  CONFIG_SMB_NLS=y
  CONFIG_NLS=y



  [1m3.13.     DOS/Win   KOI8-R ?[0m

   CP1251  CP866 --> KOI8-R   .
      ;-)    iconv (
    glibc)  GNU recode (
  <ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/recode/>)

  $ iconv -f866 -tKOI8-R -o<outfile> infile
  $ recode CP1251..KOI8-R  winfile.txt


    URL  recode - <http://www.iro.umon-
  treal.ca/~pinard/recode/>.

        
  : <ftp://oskin.macomnet.ru/pub/linux/misc/xcode.c>

       lynx :

  $ lynx -assume_local_charset cp866  file.txt



  [1m3.14.  *    Vim     ?[0m


  :e ++enc=cp1251 winfile.txt


   , ,      , 
     ,    .

  [1m3.15.  *       UTF-8   VIM ?[0m

  VIM    6.x     Multibyte:

  configure --with-features=huge  --enable-multibyte


  ,    KOI8-R,   VIM  
   :

  :set encoding=utf-8
  :set fileencoding=utf-8
  :set termencoding=koi8-r

   RedHat VIM    .

  vim-common-6.1-2
  vim-minimal-6.1-2
  vim-enhanced-6.1-2


   vi,   vim-minimal   Multibyte, vim  vim-
  enhanced --  .    vim.

  [1m3.16.     Vim  ,    [0m
  [1m ?[0m

    /.vimrc:

  set langmap=q,w,e,r,t,y,u,i,o  ..

  [1m3.17.     Golded/LNX    866  ?[0m

  -,   GoldEd+ c  <http://golded-
  plus.sourceforge.net>.

   ,     (  
  ,    [1maftnged [22m  
  <http://collage.etel.ru/fileechos/ftn/>     golded.cfg,
   :

  AREAPATH /mnt/c/fido/fecho/
  AREAFILE FastEcho

  XLATPATH /home/ak/.golded/chars
  XLATLOCALSET KOI8
  XLATIMPORT IBMPC
  XLATEXPORT IBMPC
  XLATCHARSET KOI8 IBMPC koi_866.chs
  XLATCHARSET IBMPC KOI8 866_koi.chs
  IGNORECHARSET



  [1m3.18.     mc  p ?[0m

  . F9 - options - display bits - Full 8 bit

     'mc'    Charset- .
         'mc' .

  $ ./configure  --enable-charset  ....



  [1m3.19.  less[0m

  Yuriy.Kaminskiy@p21.f517.n5020.z2.fidonet.org :

      LESSCHARSET _H H_.  , 
  ~/.lesskey  

  #env
  LESSCHARSET=


      LESSCHARSET=   (
  , man :) [    lesskey  
    ~/.less]        set-
  locale(LC_CTYPE,"") ,  ,   icase search 
   .

  [1m3.20.  telnet[0m

        ,  
   ~/.telnetrc   :

  DEFAULT set outbinary


          Win-1251 -- 
      "" 0xff.   TELNET 0xff
  --     .   
   "",    : 0xff, 0xff.   KOI8-R 
   .

  [1m3.21.   ,  ""  ?[0m

        -  , 
     ESC-.   :

    :

  $ echo -ne "\033c"


   ,     :

  # echo -ne "\033c" >/dev/ttyX


    downloaded font


  $ echo -ne "\033(K"


  (,    ,     
  ...)

    - ,   curses, 
  

  $ stty sane


   Red Hat    reset; setsysfont <ctrl-j>

  reset -  ncurses

  . 'man console_codes'  'man stty'

  [1m3.22.    TeX  koi8-r?[0m

     TeX    ru.tex. FAQ  
       TeX     
  <http://myke.webjump.com/tex/>.

  TeX  LaTeX      - 
  .       cyrguide.*,  
         TeX.

      " ",   
  language.dat,   .    Alex Nikiforov:


      ,   RH-6.0  tetex 0.9   
  :

  $ texconfig


  

  hyphenation -> latex


   russian

    LaTeX 

  \usepackage[T2A]{fontenc}
  \usepackage[koi8-r]{inputenc}
  \usepackage[english,russian]{babel}


           
  \Russian  \Engish

       cyrplain   texconfig  FORMATS
   

  cyrtxinf      tex             language.dat    cyrtxinf.ini


    texinfo.    cyrblue  cyramstx.

      cyrtex (  TeX )    web2c
  :

  initex '\input cyrtex.ini \dump'


        cyrtex  tex (  
  /usr/bin )

         plain  
  

  \language N


   N - ,       
  .

        ruhypen  ruenhyp  
    -  ,   
        .

  [1m3.23.  *    Type1 ps   KOI8-R?[0m


   Type1        
  "",        
    "afii10049" (Association for Font Information
  Interchange).   " "   ,
   ps.  .  Adobe:

    <http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/technotes.html>   (Fonts
     section)


    <http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/PDFS/TN/5013.Cyrillic_Font_Spec.pdf>

     Free  Type1 c  :

    :  <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonts/type1/>

    PsCyr,   Konstantin Chumachenko,  -
      : <ftp://con155.phys.msu.su/pub/russian/psfonts/>,
      <ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/pscyr/>

    "TopTeams":  <http://www.topteam.bg/linux/fonts.html>, 
     <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonrs/type1/>

      . Cyrillic-HOWTO ." "
     <http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin/Cyrillic-HOWTO-russian/Cyrillic-
     HOWTO-russian.html>

   ,      256 
  Type1  (Latin1  ISO_8859-1).    
   "" ,   "circumflex"  "cedilla"
    KOI8-R.    :
  <ftp://ftp.kapella.gpi.ru/pub/cyrillic/psfonts/>  README.

  [1m3.24.        X Window System?[0m

     Cronyx   
      Cyr-RFX  :
  <http://www.inp.nsk.su/~bolkhov/files/fonts/cyr-rfx/>

   -cronyx-fixed-*    koi8-r ,    
  :  <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonts/X11>

     KSI-Linux:  <ftp://ftp.ksi-linux.com/pub/patches/>

     Black Cat Linux:
  <ftp://ftp.blackcatlinux.com/pub/blackcat-linux/6.2/SRPMS/SRPMS/urw-
  fonts-2.0-4bc.src.rpm>

  [1m3.25.  Emacs/XEmacs[0m

   iso8859-5  
  <http://www.inp.nsk.su/~bolkhov/files/fonts/cyr_rfx/>.   
   ,     Mule  .

           GNU 
   intlfonts.  , ,
  <ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/gnu/intlfonts/intlfonts-1.2-split/European.tar.gz>
  (131).   Debian   .

      XEmacs   
  <http://www.linux.zp.ua/xemacs/>.

  [1m3.26.   pp dosemu ?[0m

  p -   pp.  ,   
  <http://www.ice.ru/~vitus/misc/>,    
   .   X- - ,   
      -   DOS  -  
  .      dosemu ( telnet/ssh/rsh) -
  .

   -   dosemu   pp,  X- - 
    866- p.    p
  <http://www.ice.ru/~vitus/works/x11.html>,
  <ftp://ftp.dosemu.org/dosemu/Development/>vga_cyr8x16.pcf.gz 
  <http://www.inp.nsk.su/~bolkhov/files/fonts/vga4dosemu/>.
  [1m3.27.     StarOffice (  -      [0m
  [1m  ..[0m

         -
  <http://www.blackcatlinux.com/StarOffice/>

   FAQ    ,      
     Open Office  Star Office 6.

  [1m3.28.    AbiWord?[0m

      <http://www.hippo.ru/~hvv/abiword/>

  [1m3.29.       Mozilla?[0m

  <http://www.mozilla.ru/download/>

             
  : <http://www.mozilla.org/projects/l10n/mlp_status.html>

  [1m3.30.    Netscape {4|3}/  [0m
  [1mwin- ?[0m


     Netscape 4.06  ,   glibc2, 
       .      
     .  (  , xkb  ,
          0.13)

     , netscape      
     ~/.netscape/preferences.js (, ,  -).   
        - ,       
     .      
     ~/.netscape

     ,        :
     netscape 3.xx      - 
         koi8-r,   win- ,
     , .   -  
      (/  ..)   latin1. 

     echo 'Netscape*documentFonts.charset*koi8-r:  iso-8859-1' | xrdb -merge


    koi8-      "Western".
  (      ,   koi .)

  Netscape 3.x    <ftp://archive.netscape.com>

  Login:archive
  Password:oldies


  dir   ,  /archive/index.html

       :

        (3  4)     
     ,   'meta content-type'  
     (       ,
        MS). H  ,  
     .

        -      ,   ,
       ,    (,  ),  
        .  :     
     -  ,    
       . (  "",  
     ,    ,   . H
     Alt-I,     . H, 
           ;)

  [1m3.31.          [0m
  [1mkoi8-r,   iso8859-1 ?[0m

  a)  ,     .  
         " ": 
    /.Xdefaults   /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-
  defaults/ .        XLFD, ..
     "*".  :

  Netscape*fontList: -*-helvetica-bold-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-koi8-r


   ""    appres :

  $ appres  XTerm


   man    X    RESOURCES.

       - "Toolkit"- : GTK,
  Qt, Motif, e.t.c.,     Toolkit.
   GNOME/Gtk  Qt     .

  b)     -fn font  -font font.   
   XLIB         X .

  c)   .      
  <ftp://ftp.relcom.ru/pub/x11/cyrillic/fonts/>,   
  adobe-*-koi8-1 (c fonts.alias,    -iso8859-1),  
     koi8-r   .

          ""  iso8859-1
   .    XFree86-cyrillic-fonts
  .   ,        
  -     .

       ,    
  (   patch ;)      "".

  [1m3.32.    Gnome  ,  GTK+, -[0m
  [1m   ?    [0m
  [1m?[0m

   gtk     ( ,  ), 
   8- .    /etc/gtk/gtkrc.$LANG.   
    gtkrc.ru   .    
    ( ,     
    ,       
  koi8-r):

  style "gtk-default-ru" {
         fontset = "-cronyx-helvetica-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r,\
                    -cronyx-courier-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r,\
                    -cronyx-fixed-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r,\
                    -cronyx-times-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r"
  }
  class "GtkWidget" style "gtk-default-ru"



       'gtkrc.ru_RU.KOI8-R'   symlink:


  $ cd /etc/gtk/
  $ ln -s  gtkrc.ru  gtkrc.ru_RU.KOI8-R


   .  <http://www.gtk.org/tutorial/gtk_tut-21.html>, 
    <http://www.linux.org.ru/gnome/>

  [1m3.33.  Qt   [0m

  <http://kde.ru/docs.php?action=index>

  [1m3.34.    KDE?[0m

  <http://www.kde.org/international/russia/localization.html>

  [1m3.35.   ,       [0m
  [1m(ru_RU.UTF-8)     ?[0m

   , ""  IBM-PC (VGA/SVGA)  
   256  .  32   . 
   ,      512. 
  UNICODE  . . Console programming HOWTO
  <http://devel.linvision.com/doc/fbh/current/index.html>

     ,   ( console-tools) /
       UTF-8  
  unicode_start(1)  unicode_stop(1) .     
    vt-is-UTF8(1) .  -  console-tools/lct.txt

    XTerm  X Window    .
  

  : xterm -u8


     *-iso10646-1 .

       " -"
  ,     ToolKit-,  UNICODE
  (Qt, GTK, Java .e.t.c.)     GUI X
  Window.

       UTF-8 ,  
     UTF-8,   LANG="ru_RU.UTF-8" .

   :

  UTF-8 and UNICODE FAQ:  <http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html>

  The Unicode HOWTO:  <http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Unicode-HOWTO.html>

  How do Unix terminals work?:
  <http://czyborra.com/unicode/terminals.html>

  Unicode Howto for KDE developers:
  <http://developer.kde.org/documentation/library/kdeqt/kde3arch/KDE-
  Unicode-Howto.html>

   -HOWTO  : <http://lists.debian.org/debian-
  russian/2001/debian-russian-200111/msg00203.html>



  [1m3.36.       [0m
  [1m   ?[0m

  Russian Linux Documentation Project:  <http://rldp.linux.ru.net>.
   Alexsandr Mikhailov,  <mailto:alexmikh@mail.ru> :
  <http://www.tldp.org/vlist.html#te>

     GNU:  <http://www.gnu.org.ru>, <http://www-
  ru.gnu.org.ru/>,
  <http://www2.iro.umontreal.ca/~pinard/po/registry.cgi?team=ru>

     "Manpages-Ru"   
  manpages   .  <http://www.alexm.here.ru/manpages-ru>

  KDE:  <http://www.kde.org/international/russia/>

  GNOME:  <http://www.linux.org.ru/gnome/>

  [1m4.   [0m



  [1m4.1.        ?    [0m
  [1m/    #$@#$#@%@#$%@#$?    [0m
  [1m-  ,  ,     -[0m
  [1m2.2.x  ,      2.3.- ?  [0m
  [1m   ?[0m


  (Alex Kanavin,  , Alexey Mahotkin <mailto:alexm@hsys.msk.ru>)

      ,   
  .  ,  ,    
    (stable  development)    . 
     a.b.c

    a -    .      , 
     ,       
      .

    b -  patchlevel.   ,    
       .    -  ,  
     - .   a  b   a.b   .

     -  sublevel.      .

          
  <ftp://ftp.kernel.org>     (:
  <ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.org>,     ,    
   .bz2,      ,  
  <ftp://ftp.rmt.ru/>, <ftp://ftp.chg.ru/Mirrors/ftp.kernel.org/> 
  <http://ftp.chg.ru/Mirrors/ftp.kernel.org/>).

  [ ,      <ftp://ftp.chg.ru> ,
  <ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.olg>     :
     , , redhat,     
   ,      .      
      ,     
  ftp.redhat.com,    -    .    
    "" mirror?    -   
  ,   - .]

            -
      ,   
   a.b.c    a.b.c+1 c   patch. 
       [1musyslnx[22m.
         
        .   
            
   ,        
   .     ,
      -       ,
     . (    ,  ,
  ,         
   .)      -    , 
  .

   , ,    
  .      
  ,        
  ,      ,   -
     .      
           (,
        ,    "" ).
         .    
  ,     .    
  , ,      
  .   ,    ,  
   .        -
       .

         ? 
  :  -  Linus Torvalds  .. feature
  freeze,          
    (bugfix).      
     a.b.c+1,  a.b+1.0  a+1.0.0 -  
    ,   -   
   :)        
       .. fork  
  -       ,
       .

  ,   ""  ""  - .
  ,  ""  2.3.128     
      2.4.0   , 
    2.2.xxx,     
    --     .   ,
    ,  .

        Linux  
    .       
    -ac,     --   
   .  -,  -ac  
  ,      , ,
  etc.  ,  ,  ,   
  .  -,   -ac    ,
     ,       
   .

        (    
    )  : , International
  Kernel Patch    , devfs-patch 
     /dev,    
  ISDN,       ).   , 
       
  ,        
    ).

     - ?   : , 
      .     
    .       ,
  , ,       -
  ,         , , 
      , , 
    , ,   
  ,       ,  
     (,      
   ).       
   ,    ,     
      ,   , , 
   .

     ,    
  ,   -      ,
       .     
  ,       
     ftp ,    ,    .
        (rpm  deb),  
     ,   
      .

            
       ("  ",
  "  "  ..     ;-),
    ,     . 
    ,   .   ru.linux, 
             
   :-).      -
       :-)

  ,    / . 
   development -      
  linux-kernel.       
     (      
      Documentation).   
        lilo  target  oldlinux,
    .       
     Documentation/Changes -  .  
  -    ,        .

  [1m4.2.     ?    [0m
  [1m     ?[0m


  cd /usr/src/linux


  ,     ( ,  
    (   )     ),
     /usr/src/linux/.config.  ,  
       (,    
  //         
    - ),     .config  
    ,  .       
    make oldconfig -  ,   .config
   __ (,  )  ,   
        (,   
     ,     ),    
     .    make menuconfig   
  ,        .

     Red Hat     .config, c
         ,   
   kernel-sources-*.i386.rpm/usr/src/linux/configs/

  :


  make dep
  make clean
  make zImage (make bzImage    > 2.2)
  make modules


          ,    
     (/lib/modules/).

  make modules_install


  /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/(b)zImage -    .
        .   
  ,   .    lilo.conf  
   - , linux.test, -     
  /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage.

  (Valentin Nechayev <mailto:nnlx@nn.kiev.ua>)

   p p  - pp   Red Hat'.

  cd /usr/src/linux-_p
  vi Makefile   extraversion   - pp,
  EXTRAVERSION = -vasya1


       , 

  1. make modules_install     

  2.  (p!) p  /boot   p make
     install

  3.      2.2.x ( 2.0   
     EXTRAVERSION) ,    ,  ""
     - ,   n.n.nn  uname -r.

     (Alexander Pevzner, 2:5020/59.9)

  ,        ,  
     :

       Makefile (/usr/src/linux/Makefile) 
      EXTRAVERSION.       
       ,   ,   (,
     2.2.12-20  2.2.12-vasya).   ,  
       ,    . 
     ,    ,     
     . H      
      /etc/lilo.conf (   2 :    
      ).

       /usr/src/linux     make install  make
     modules_install.        
        . ,  ,
          ,    .src.rpm,  
          ftp.kernel.org,  .  (
         
     /sbin/installkernel,       ,
       make install     
      (Alex Kanavin).)  EXTRAVERSION      
     ,        2.2.13
     (, EXTRAVERSION    )


        ,     ,
         make *config  make clean.  
      ,  -      
      ,    __,    
      ( ) .

  [1m4.3.       ?[0m

    2.2.10   :

  echo 30000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
  echo 30000 > /proc/sys/fs/inode-max


    ulimit -n 2000    . 
    .

  (Yuriy Kaminsky 2:5020/517.21)

    ,     select,  
  - .       (at least
  glibc-2.0 - . /usr/include/gnu/types.h -    ; 

  #define __FD_SETSIZE    1024


              , 
    select    1024  
  [.., ,  X'     1024
  ,     Xlib  Xt  ]; , ,
   libc , ,  ).

  [1m4.4.  , pls, www/ftp     [0m
  [1m Linux'.[0m

  <http://www.linuxdoc.org> H   -  
  <http://linux-ve.chat.ru>

  [1m4.5.  Q/A: development site  libc, binutils, ld.so[0m

  <ftp://ftp.yggdrasil.com/private/hjl> -  - 
  .  ,     libc5  )
        <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/software/> 
    . ( <ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.org>   .bz2
  ( 20%  gz,    linux/kernel/people  .gz 
  ),   <ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.org>  
   <ftp://ftp.rmt.ru>   <http://ftp.filesearch.ru>)

  [1m4.6.    ?[0m

   ,      :
      ,    
  init,        .
        /etc/inittab (man
  inittab)        
   .   inittab    *getty,
   ,    
   (   *getty    login
  (   ,  ,  , 
    /etc/passwd      . shell),
  pppd, ifcico  ..,        - 
    getty).     
  mingetty,   - mgetty.

   ,    ,   
  ..  " ",       
    ,   , 
     ..      
    : BSD  SysV.      .  (.
  ),   SysV    
  <http://www.sensi.org/~alec/unix/redhat/sysv-init.html>.

  [1m4.7.    /var/log/syslog  /var/log/messages [0m
  [1mpp      p   [0m
  [1m.  p  log-?[0m

      syslog'    .  syslog' 
   :

  mv $log ${log}.old ( rm   ,   p)
  touch $log
  kill -1 `cat /var/run/syslogd.pid`


      logrotate.

    -syslog'  -  RTFM  p  
   .

  [1m4.8.      pam?[0m

  <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/>

  [1m4.9.   BSD   su     user,[0m
  [1mp  p wheel,   Linux' -  . Hp [0m
  [1m-.  ,    p?[0m

    su   gnu sh_util,      
  (RTFmanpage  ,   ),  - .  
   su  pam ( Red Hat, pp    
  ,    Debian 2.2),   
   p:

  su      auth     required       pam_wheel.so


   /etc/pam.conf,  pam p, :

  auth     required       pam_wheel.so


   /etc/pam.d/su,  .

     ,    pp 
  .  Hpp, p pp 'group'  'deny', pp
    , p  p:

  pam_wheel.so group=guest deny


  p,   p,  p  gid,  p
    groups...     ...

   Debian 2.1    secure-su    
  suauth.

   Slackware  3.3 (pp)  p  pp
  /etc/login.defs  H,   

  SU_WHEEL_ONLY   yes


   su      p root.  
    3.4 ( 4.0,  su    )  
   man 5 suauth -       su,
    " ".

     p,    p  SuSe 6.x.  SuSE 5.3 su
   sh_util,   .  , su, 
  login.defs  suauth,    -  , 
     -m  -s.    ...

  [1m4.10.  a  a   a-  a[0m
  [1ma  aa  ( aaa aa  -[0m
  [1mroot'a),   a a  a a?[0m

  man setrlimit

  [1m4.11.    ,   XXXX  YYYY  [0m
  [1m    -   ?[0m

  -,           
   , , /dev/modem.    
  /dev/ttyS0,   /dev/cua0 (  -- /dev/modem,  
       :), -    .

  -,     lock-. H, 
     ,   .

  -,      .  ,  
            
  ,          
  ( LCK..<  >),       
  (   -- PID   ASCII),   ,
        -.

  [1m4.12.    p  /dev/cua*  /dev/ttyS*?[0m

  H   cua*.   .    -  
     ,   BSD.  BSD /dev/cuXX --
   "Call Up" , ..    --    
  CD.   Linux /dev/cuaXX       
  .

  [1m4.13.         Linux?  [0m
  [1m   ?     [0m
  [1m?[0m

      CMOS   hwclock  
   util-linux.

        Linux,     
  CMOS   ,       

          /sbin/hwclock --hctosys --utc


     ,  Linux, -  
  ,   CMOS   ,    
   

          /sbin/hwclock --hctosys


   ,       ( 
       ), :


           
     TZ,   ;

     ,   /etc/localtime   
          /usr/share/zoneinfo, ,

             rm -f /etc/localtime
             ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Moscow /etc/localtime



   Red Hat-based   utc    /etc/syscon-
  fig/clock.       .
   ,    timezone     
  timeconfig.

      ,  
  ``date'' (    ),   ``date
  --utc'' (     ).

   ,       
  Internet,    <http://www.ntp.org>.     xntpd
          .  
    xntpd     ntpdate.
  , ,    , ,
  ,  :

          /usr/local/bin/ntpdate ntp1.gamma.ru


       Linux  Samba,    MS
  Windows         

          C:\> NET TIME \\LINUXBOX /SET /YES


  (Alexey Mahotkin <mailto:alexm@hsys.msk.ru>)

  [1m4.14.  H  uucico    ,   [0m
  [1m  : \177}\030\177} \177}#\177}[0m


       port type pipe
       port command /bin/telnet -8E hostname



  [1m4.15.         root?[0m

   fdmount /dev/fd[0-9] mountpoint,     
  man fdmount,  root   'user'  /etc/fstab,  
     "mount <mountpoint>". man 8 mount.  
      ,   mtools.

  [1m4.16.   - (INN, SENDMAIL)     ?[0m

  H y   /var/log  ,    
     .   sendmail - 99%  p 
     p p  p.
  H  p   /etc/hosts.  p p - O
  DontProbeInterfaces=True  /etc/sendmail.cf.

  [1m4.17.          [0m
  [1m?[0m


     /usr/doc/HOWTO/Security-HOWTO.

  H  <http://www.openwall.com>    Solar Designer-,
          
  .   ,   
  <http://rootshell.com> <http://packetstorm.securify.com>,
  <http://www.linuxsecurity.com> ,     
  bugtraq, linux-security,      ,
    .   ,    
  : <http://www.infowar.co.uk/thc/files/thc/anonymous-unix.html>

  [1m4.18.       . ?[0m


            
     ,        

     ( cd /old_fs && tar cf - . ) | ( cd /new_fs && tar xvpf - )

    dump 0f - /old_fs | ( cd /new_fs && restore xf - )

       ,   ,  -,   tar 
         ,    
     (,   "").  tar   :

     tar -C /old_fs -cf - . | tar -xpf - -C /new_fs

     - GNU tar   ,  dump.

        /usr/doc/HOWTO/mini/Hard-Disk-Upgrade

  [1m4.19.        , ,[0m
  [1msticky  setgid bit?[0m

  Sticky bit (chmod +t)   ,     
        .   
  /tmp  /var/tmp   .

  Setgid  (chmod +g)   ,  ,  
   ,     -,    
  .  ,   setgid-   , 
      setgid-.

     , "    -
  : BSD-,   SVR4-.   BSD-  
      -,   ,   
   .        .(*)  
        ,  
     .     
    . SVR4-     , 
      setgid-,   BSD- ."

  ,      bsdgroups  
  BSD-    -.   --
  mount(8).

  (*) ,  ,     Red Hat -
  rhref/s1-sysadmin-usr-grps.htm, Users, Groups and User-Private Groups)

  [1m4.20.       : modprobe: Can't locate module[0m
  [1m<->[0m

        :

       .      
       ,      .
     ,     ,   
     modules.conf (    man-)  :

     alias <-> off


            
   Linux.

      ,   modprobe,  ,
           , 
          ,   . 
           modutils,   
     /etc/modules.conf:

     alias <---> <---.o>


  (   ,     
  ,      modprobe)

  [1m4.21.  Sendmail : sh: <-> not available for sendmail pro-[0m
  [1mgrams[0m

   man smrsh  /usr/share/doc/sendmail/README.smrsh

  [1m5.   [0m


  [1m5.1.   telnet    root?    [0m
  [1m root?[0m

  telnet ( , login)   root ,  root 
         ,
    /etc/securetty.    
    tty1-ttyN.     ,
    ,  ,    
    (      telnet), 
      , ""   
  "" .

      :

        -   /etc/securetty 
         /dev/ttyP*.   , 
           ,  
           .

     ,      -  
       ,     su 
     sudo.         , 
       .

       -    telnet,
     - ftp, rsh, rlogin     ssh,  ,
             
      ,        .
        ssh  Unix   
     <http://www.openssh.com>,    Windows  
      "".

  [1m5.2.  H  ppp (slip) .    ,[0m
  [1m .[0m

        <http://diald.sourceforge.net>, 
  diald, ,  README,  __
       ,  
    .       ,
  diald   ,    
  .  : ,    2.2.x  
  diald-1.99  . 0.16,  ,      
  ,    2.0. (-  
    Changes) , ...    : 
   /etc/resolv.conf    nameserver
  xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx   ,      
  ,  diald .    default route 
  eth0.

     :  diald.rc 

  ip-up "cp /etc/resolv.conf.connected /etc/resolv.conf"
  ip-down "cp /etc/resolv.conf.local /etc/resolv.conf",


    resolv.conf.connected :

  search yourdomain
  nameserver xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx (  127.0.0.1)


    resolv.conf.local :

  domain yourdomain


       DNS-c   caching-
  only.       ip-up  ip-down  
   ,   /etc/ppp/ip-up.local  ip-down.local.  
  :      -   
     bind.     :  
       cache-only bind' ( 
  caching-nameserver)     nscd,  
    DNS- (      
  ).

         <http://alexm.here.ru>

  [1m5.3.     pp  Linux,    Netware [0m
  [1m tcpip -    ipx?[0m

   mars -- netware server   ( p
  pp) ipx*, ncp*, nw* ( p mars) - .

   Caldera Open Linux ( <http://www.caldera.com>) - 
  Caldera    Novell     Linux.
  Netware for Linux -
  <http://www.calderasystems.com/support/docs/netware/>.

     IPX-HOWTO:  <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/IPX-HOWTO.html>

  [1m5.4.  pp p p ,    p[0m
  [1m( ) pp N  . HP pp [0m
  [1m,  Epson .  ?[0m


  PRINTCAP / Begin
   my_favourite_printer:\
   lp=/dev/lp1:\
   sd=/var/spool/lpd/my_favourite_printer:\
   sh:lf=/dev/tty10:ff=:
  PRINTCAP / End

  [1m5.5.      1 ?[0m

  (Zahar Kiselev, 2:5030/382)

       :

    ftp.kernel.org ,   " "   
    . H  ,   2.2.10 
  ,   -        faq.

  1       
    -     - 800  
   ,     "", 
  -  1     .

      2.0.5a -  ,    .
  ,       smb.conf "ole locking
  compatibility"(     ),   
  "no". !    ,   -    
    2.0.5    .

         
     ,  -     
  (   ,    ).
      inetd,    ,   
    - smbd  nmbd.

          -   
          ,   
     .

       -       
   browse.dat, wins.dat -        ,
           ,     
     -      
    net use  ,      
    " ".

      1     
  -       ,  
    "" ( man). 
    ,   ,      
    .    keepalive-,
      .    
     ""   ,   
  .     ,    .

    -  ,     , 
   1    . H  1  NT-, 
   sql-,      ( 
  ),        Citrix Meta
  Frame.     " " -  
       -  __ (  NT), 
    -,     ,
    -.

      ( ) - citrix-    .
    -  1      
  .  .     
      win95.

  [1m5.6.  PPP /   callback,   NT/2000[0m
  [1m      ppp[0m

    pppd + callback    README.cbcp 
   pppd.
     -   <http://www.nitek.ru/~igor/pppd/> 
  <http://nitek.east.ru/~igor/pppd/>.

  [1m5.7.     PC + Linux,    Linux-e.[0m
  [1m :      .   [0m
  [1mLinux      ?[0m

  hylafax -  ,       
  ,   ""  DOS, Windows, etc. H!  
    ()      . :(  
  mgetty,  -   ,   
    hylafax. :)

  [1m5.8.    PPTP  Linux ?[0m

  <http://www.moretonbay.com/vpn/pptp.html>

  [1m5.9.    SSL  smtp, pop3?[0m

    (,  freshmeat)  stunnel. 
     inetd  :

  spop3 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/stunnel /usr/sbin/popa3d
  ssmtp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/stunnel /usr/sbin/sendmail


  Victor Wagner    :

     argv[0]    -
      .   ,    
   tcpwrappers   hosts.allow/hosts.deny 
     ssl   ,   
  argv[0] -ssl-  ssl- ,   SSL    
  .

  [1m5.10.       NT, Win95,  DOS,    [0m
  [1mLinux   PPP  .   ,  [0m
  [1m      ?[0m

    . ,    
   192.168.0.0 (    RFC-1918).  :

  #!/bin/sh

  /sbin/insmod ip_masq_autofw
  /sbin/insmod ip_masq_user
  /sbin/insmod ip_masq_cuseeme
  /sbin/insmod ip_masq_ftp
  /sbin/insmod ip_masq_irc
  /sbin/insmod ip_masq_mfw
  /sbin/insmod ip_masq_portfw
  /sbin/insmod ip_masq_quake
  /sbin/insmod ip_masq_raudio
  /sbin/insmod ip_masq_vdolive

  /sbin/ipchains -F

  /sbin/ipchains -P forward DENY

  /sbin/ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -s 192.168.0.0/16 -d 0.0.0.0/0


   Linux   192.168.0.1,   ip   
       default gateway.


     HOWTOs:

  Firewall  <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Firewall-HOWTO.html>

  IPCHAINS  <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/IPCHAINS-HOWTO.html>

  IP-Masquerade  <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/IP-Masquerade-HOWTO.html>

       <http://www.fima.net/masquerade.html>

   2.0   ipchains  ipfwadm,  2.4 - netfilter,
      HOWTO   <http://netfilter.kernlenotes.org>

      - ,   
  /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward :

  $ echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward


  ( Red Hat 6.2   -    /etc/sysctl.conf)

      firewall- : fBuilder
  <http://www.innertek.com/> Mason
  <http://users.dhp.com/~whisper/mason/>

  [1m5.11.    socks5 ?[0m

  C    <http://www.socks.nec.com>

  ,         (PPP/Ethernet
   Ethernet/Ethernet).   Ethernet-e  : 192.168.0.1.
     -     
  .

  /etc/socks5.conf

  permit - - 192.168.0. - - -
  set SOCKS5_BINDINTFC 192.168.0.1:1080
  set SOCKS5_NOIDENT


  ICQ 99/2000 .  'man socks5', 'man socks5.conf',
  <http://www.socks.nec.com>. [  FAQ]

  [1m5.12.      -?[0m

    -    - 
    /etc/hosts   ip .

   ,     -   - Squid.
       ACL (Access Control List) 
  "url_regex" (squid.conf,  ACCESS CONTROLS) :

  acl Reclama_Banners url_regex ^http://www1\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
  http_access deny Reclama_Banners


     :

  acl Banners url_regex "/etc/squid/banners"
  http_access deny Banners


   /etc/squid/banners    (  
  ), :

  ^http://banners\.rambler\.ru/advert/.*\.gif
  ^http://kulichki.rambler.ru/reklama/banners/.*\.gif
  ^http://www.*\.yandex\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
  ^http://www1\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
  ^http://www\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
  ^http://www\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/href/*
  ^http://www\.100mb\.net/images/ban/banner.*\.gif
  ^http://www\.bizlink\.ru/cgi-bin/irads\.cgi.*
  ^http://www\.linkexchange\.ru/cgi-bin/rle\.cgi
  ^http://www\.linkexchange\.ru/users/.*/goto\.map
  ^http://www\.netcq\.com/banners/banner\.gif
  ^http://1000\.stars\.ru/cgi-bin/1000\.cgi


        
  - squidguard  <http://www.squidguard.org>,  
    squid.

        
  <http://pail.pu.ru/>

    Transparent Proxy <http://www.lexa.ru/lexa/transparent-
  proxy.html>

  Transparent Proxy MiniHOWTO:
  <http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/TransparentProxy.html>

     squirm  <http://www.senet.com.au/squirm/>,
    -   URLs .

  [1m5.13.  *     Squid  [0m
  [1m Windows?[0m

  <http://www.artmagic.ru/labs/sqlandwin.shtml>

  [1m6.  X Window[0m

           Window Manager-
       
  <http://ep2-ts2.inp.nsk.su/lecture/>

  [1m6.1.    p   <c- > ?[0m

        <http://www.xfree86.org/FAQ/> 
  /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/

     ,   
  , ,      ,  
  <ftp://ftp.xfree86.org>.    ___
     , ,  ,     
  (   ,    -  ,   
    -      .) H:  
         - ,   
    SVGA.    ,     . 
  XFree 4   ,    
     .  (),   
   ,        .

  [1m6.2.    Modeline    ?[0m

   ,       
       (xf86config, XF86Setup,
  Xconfigurator),        
   ModeLine,     .  
       ,    
   Modeline  strings `which xf86setup`  
  .   -    ModeLine 
  ,     Alexei Dets
  <mailto:dets@china.formoza.ru>:

     Modeline    ,  
    , ..  , . H 
   , ,  XF86Config,  
  .

        .
    ,     
     , -    ..  
  .     Modeline   
    xvidtune. ,    :

  Modeline "640x480"     25.175 640  664  760  800   480  491  493  525


       ?

  : 25175000/800/525=59,9 .

  ..   ,   ,  
     .  ,    ,
  , 120 ?

  : 800x525x120/1000000=50,4

  ,  :

  Modeline "640x480"     50.4 640  664  760  800   480  491  493  525


    :-)  ,   
       ,     
   xvidtune.       
  .      
       :-)

  :   ""   
  /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/VideoModes.doc    
  <http://knot.pu.ru/faq/xfaq.html>.

   2  Alex Kanavin:  XFree86 4.x  
  .  -,  X c    
  VESA ,    ,   
    HorizSync  VertRefresh.   
  ,     ,   
  ModeLine  ,       
  -   60, 70, 75, 85 Hz.      -
  "640x480"  ..,   "1920x1444" :-)

  -,   X     
         VESA DDC.
         ,   
  .  ,       
   ,     .

  [1m6.3.     ,    ?[0m

    X    ,   
     -   XFree,   - 
   ( startx -- :1 -bpp 8     
  /etc/X11/xdm/Xserver,   xdm).  XFree 4  
       DGA2,    .

  [1m6.4.       [0m

  (Alec Voropay <mailto:alec@sensi.org>, Alex Kanavin, Alexander
  Pevzner)

    X Window  ""  ""  .
   ,    .

      ,   "c" ?   print-
  server  file-server.  -   
   "". ,  print-server 
  .

    -  ( 30  ;)     
    256     :-)   
  .    display-server ,     
  , X-server.

   , X-server -    
  Video-,       
  "  "  "    Arial".
    X-Server- : c XFree86, 
  AcceleratedX,  MS Windows : eXceed, X-Win,  VAX VMS   
     c  : NCD, Tatung (   X-
  Terminal).

   ,  ,  Netscape - 
  "X-",    "X-"    .
    X-  X-    TCP/IP,  Unix-
  Socket,  IPX    COM-.   
         , 
  XFree         DECNet.

   X- ("X-")   c  
  X-.   X-   
   DISPLAY=     .  X- 
    ,    . 
    ,  ,  X-  -  
      .

  , "" (-)   
    X,    ( xterm, rxvt, eterm
  e.t.c.).    X-,    
     :),    
  ESC-,       
    (  ptyXX).

  C ,        
     .        
     .      XLib, 
     , -    
   X ,   ,   .  ,
    (emacs, )     X
  ,     (  ).

  [1m6.5.    p p  full screen   X Window [0m
  [1mp  ?  ,  ?[0m

  , Ctrl-Alt-F# (    )  Alt-F# (,
        getty ,  ).

  [1m6.6.       ?[0m

  man XF86Config   DefaultColorDepth


  [1m6.7.    ,     [0m
  [1m ? (    [0m
  [1m  ?) ,       [0m
  [1m ?     ()  [0m
  [1m ?[0m

    ( ) Display Manager,  xdm
  (  c ), gdm ( GNOME), kdm ( KDE).  
    rc     SysV,    
    /etc/inittab:

  x:5:respawn:/etc/X11/xdm -nodaemon


       runlevel  :

  id:3:initdefault:


   Red Hat display manager    runlevel,  
  "" runlevel - 3,       
  .   /etc/inittab,  man inittab 
    .

  Display manager        
   X ,          
  -  .    xdm X  
    xdmcp.  XFree    
     :

    X -query host -    host  xdmcp ( , X
      ,   xdm  host-     
           ,     
     ).

    X -indirect host - ""   host ( , X 
      xdm  host-       , 
      xdm. xdm         (
     , )     ,  X  
             ,
       .. chooser,     
         X ,   ,  
     X .     XFree  
         xdm   . , 
      ,       
       ).

    X -broadcast -  xdmcp   ,  
      xdm    ,    
      .    ( XFree) X  ,
         ,    
     .

       XDM-Xterm mini-HOWTO, man xdm,    
     URL: <http://ep2-ts2.inp.nsk.su/lecture/> 
     <http://www.iae.lt/visaginas/home/kazanov/koi8/Articles/X-
     Terminals.htm>.

  [1m6.8.   Window Manager ?[0m

  <http://xwinman.org>

  <http://www.themes.org>



  [1m6.9.    X Server  Windows ?[0m


      (, , )  - Cygwin
     XFree  <http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/xfree/>.   
     2000       XFree.  
      ( XLib)    Cygwin.   
              .

    EXCEED for Windows -
     <http://www.hummingbird.com/products/nc/exceed/>

    PC-Xware -  <http://www.ncd.com/products/software/pcxware/>

    MI/X MicroImage X Server for Windows - <http://www.microimages.com>

    X-Win32 -  <http://www.starnet.com>

    WRQ Reflection X -
     <http://www.wrq.com/products/reflection/pc_unix/rx/>

    NetManage X-ViewNow ( X-OnNet  FTP Software) -
     <http://www.netmanage.com/products/pctohost/vn_x/index.asp>

    WinaXe    LabF  -  <http://labf.com/index.html>

  [1m6.10.    TrueType    ?[0m

  H      XFree86 
    TrueType    XFree 4, 
     " ".     
        XFree.   
       X-  -,   
     xfsft (
  <http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/>).  
   TrueType        ,
    fonts.dir     ttmkfdir,  
  mkfontdir.    - 
  <http://www.xfree86.org/4.0.1/fonts.html>

   ,         
  X-   XFree,    
     xfstt.    
       ,  ,  
  <http://visaginas.is.lt/~evgeny/koi8/Articles/xfstt_1.html>.
  H      fonts.alias.

        ,    
  TrueType .

  [1m6.11.        font antialiasing?[0m

  . C :  <http://www.xfree86.org/~keithp/render/>.

  [1m6.12.         ? [0m
  [1m   mpeg/videoCD/etc,  fullscreen, etc[0m

    top    - ,  
      ,    
       Windows.    ,   
         
      -   
  ,  ,   
   .  XFree 4  , 
    - DGA2  Xv.    
     :
    XFree86 4.0    

    ,    Xv  DGA2.

          
     Xv/DGA2.    SDL, smpeg, mplayer, xine, avifile 
      .    ,  , 
         .

     (        ,
       ,        )

  [1m7.  [0m


  [1m7.1.   ,     Microsoft Word?[0m

    MS Word   

  <http://wvware.sourceforge.net/>

  

  <http://www.ice.ru/~vitus/catdoc/>

  word2x       .

   wvware    AbiWord 
   ,      ,   AbiWord
          rtf.
   -   .     
  <http://www.hippo.ru/~hvv/abiword/>

    -     LaTeX,  
    rtf   latex2rtf  <ftp://tug.ctan.org/tex-
  archive/support/latex2rtf/> c  ,   
  .

  (nb:   sgml)

  [1m7.2.   ,      Microsoft Excel?[0m

   gnumeric  0.65   .

  <http://www.gnome.org/projects/gnumeric/>

  [1m7.3.    ,   Powerpoint?[0m

    ,   Powerpoint    Open Office.
  C     ,     
  .   :  <http://www.openoffice.org/MSFilters.html>,
  <http://graphics.openoffice.org/>.

  [1m7.4.    linux single  lilo ?[0m

  man lilo.conf   password  restricted.

  [1m7.5.  <-->   lilo, c  mbr. [0m
  [1m  ?[0m

         
  root=-----.     root
     lilo.



  [1m7.6.         Linux/ [0m
  [1m ?[0m

  (   Victor Wagner)

        <http://www.mostang.com/sane>.
     .   
    scsi-,  usb    . 
  ,  ,       
    Linux-  ,     SCSI
   ( PCI).  scanner-only ncr-  aha 1502 
     $10-$15.      
  .

   :   sane   xscanimage,
     gimp-  .

  [1m7.7.      OCR (  )?[0m

  OCR   Linux,  ,  . 
     Windows     
  wine (       SCSI,   
   .    documentation/aspi). OCR 
  ,   ,  -  , 
     ,  ocr 
  <http://www.freshmeat.net>.

  [1m7.8.    [0m

  <http://www.hamrick.com/vsm.html> - shareware,   .

  [1m7.9.      WinModem ?[0m

  (  Alexander Pevzner  Alex Korchmar)

  1.   V42  V34.   $80, afair. (""
     )       
     - .

  2. ,  ?        
      .

      ( ;) -   ,  
    free source ,     - 
   .    ,    
          v.42/42bis 
           v.34.
  (   ,  ,   .obj 
    ,    ,       
        -     ""
  )

     <http://www.linmodems.org>   
  .

        - 
     ,       
      
  <http://www.idir.net/%7Egromitkc/winmodem.html>.

  [1m7.10.  *   USB ?[0m

  <http://www.linux-usb.org/USB-guide/book1.html>

  <http://tldp.org/HOWTO/USB-Digital-Camera-HOWTO/>

  [1m7.11.  *    -   , [0m
  [1mc Intel EtherExpress (PCI)?[0m

    .     .

  [1m7.12.       IDE CD-ROM[0m

     (     
  LILO)   ( hdc    
   CD-ROM): hdc=cdrom hdc=noprobe

  [1m7.13.      Linux   ,[0m
  [1m /  Teleport Pro  [0m
  [1m-...[0m

    wget

  <http://www.gnu.org/software/wget>

  [1m7.14.       Linux ?[0m

       
  <news:fido7.ru.unix.ftnl>.      c URL
   ,  [1mru.linux [22m  [1mru.unix [22m(   FidoSoft URL
  Mini-FAQ),    
  <http://www.sensi.org/download/fidosoft.html>.    
    <http://donlug.dn.ua/~aks/>.

    :

  1.   dosemu    /   
     .

  2.      ,   
     ifcico   ifmail, qico  binkleyforce,   
     ,     binkd  BinkP-. ifmail
        <ftp://oskin.macomnet.ru> 
     <http://www.average.org/ifmail/>, qico - 
     <http://lev.serebryakov.spb.ru/download/>, bikleyforce -
     <http://adb.newmail.ru>, binkd -
     <http://www.corbina.net/~maloff/binkd/>.

  3.      hpt ( <http://www.tichy.de>)
      Crashmail ( <http://www.freshmeat.net>).

  4.      GoldEd  Linux. 
         "".

  5. C    -    
       .

      ifmail+inn+sendmail    
     <http://howto.id.ru>      faq, 
      ,  ru.linux (   fido unix faq) 
       <http://www.cityline.ru/~jav/linux/> 
     <http://lnx.net.ru>.

      c   ifmail   
     fidogate.  ( <http://www.fido.de/fidogate/>)    
      faq,     <news:fido7.ru.unix.ftn>  
      fidogate faq.    
     <http://f1838.euro.ru/fidogate/>.

  6. H   passthrough  SqWish.   
     passthrough      
     -,     /    .
        [1mAFTNMISC[22m, [1mDFTNSQSH[22m.    [1mSQW-X2ES.ZIP[22m.

  [1m7.15.  *     ?[0m

   Linux     .

  1. OSS (Open Sound System)  .    ,
         ,  Linux-  
      *NIX-.  <http://www.opensound.com>

  2. OSS/Free -       
      Linux <=2.4,    .
     <http://www.linux.org.uk/OSS/>

  3. ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture)  ,
        ,   
     Full-Duplex <http://www.alsa-project.org/>

      RedHat-based    'sndconfig'.   
     ,       ,  
     Sound-HOWTO <http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Sound-HOWTO/index.html>

       Aureal  
  <http://aureal.sourceforge.net>

  [1m7.16.       ext2?[0m

     lde:

  <http://www.datafoundation.org/lde/>

  [1m7.17.    ext2fs   Linux ?[0m

     <http://www.penguin.cz/~mhi/fs/Filesystems-
  HOWTO/Filesystems-HOWTO-6.html>

  Windows NT: (read/write)  <http://www.chat.ru/~ashedel>

  Windows 9x: (r/o)  <http://www.yipton.demon.co.uk>

  Windows 95/98/NT/2000: (write experimental):
  <http://uranus.it.swin.edu.au/~jn/linux/>

  OS/2: (R/W)  , ext2_240.zip

  [1m7.18.     Linux    p  y[0m
  [1mdoublespace  ?[0m

    ext2fs     py.
  <http://www.netspace.net.au/~reiter/e2compr/>.  p  
  py yy e2fsprogs  yy   . p
   p  y  development .  
  p 'chattr +c'

  [1m7.19.         [0m
  [1m   ?[0m

     PGP,    
  ,        
  .   ,    ,   
      :  <http://drt.ailis.de/crypto/linux-
  disk.html>

   :  <http://encryptionhowto.sourceforge.net>


      :

    loopback encryption -    international crypto patch (
     <http://www.kerneli.org>.      
     losetup  mount.      
        .

     cfs,    :
     <ftp://ftp.zedz.com/pub/crypto/disk/>.     ,
       nfs-.

  [1m7.20.    ssh   Windows ?[0m

   TeraTerm (
  <http://www.vector.co.jp/authors/VA002416/teraterm.html>) 
  ssh- ( <http://www.zip.com.au/~roca/download.html>),  
   PuTTY ( <http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/>,
     KOI8-R --> Win-1251,   ,
     scp).

      <http://www.datafellows.com>  
      ,   ssh -
   ,  30  .

  [1m7.21.    Java Development Kit for Linux?[0m

  <http://www.blackdown.org/>         
       Java

   benchmarks JAVA:  <http://www.volano.com/report.html>

  [1m7.22.        ?[0m

          
  <news:fido7.ru.rdbms.oracle>.      
  ORACLE-LINUX@fatcity.com

  [1m7.23.        Linux (Unix)   MS SQL[0m
  [1m(WindowsNT)?[0m

  <http://www.ibb.ru/article-2.phtml>

  [1m7.24.        Linux?[0m

    Linux,  ,    ( 
     ,     
  -).      . Oleg
  Lomaka <mailto:Oleg_Lomaka@p7.f85.n468.z2.fidonet.org> 
   :

    <http://www.chat.ru/~mueller_dic/>  c Mueller'
  (Mueller7accentGPL.tgz)  cp "mova" (script_mova.tgz)  c
  y c   c.  - GPL.     
     Linux.

     c. C  .movarc   ,  
   c p y  cp   cp. Cop
    pp cy:



      -*-*-bold-r-*-*-20-*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
      -*-*-medium-r-*-*-20-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
      -*-*-medium-o-*-*-20-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
      -*-*-bold-o-*-*-21-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
      -*-silsophiaipa-*-r-*-20-*-*-*-p-*-*-*
  # c cp
      /usr/local/Mova/
  #, y pcc cp
      /usr/local/bin/
  # cp
      Mueller7accentGPL.koi
      /tmp /


        "mova table".

  Andy Shevchenko <mailto:Andy_Shevchenko@f192.n465.z2.fidonet.org>:
      qt-    
  slowo.  <http://gambit.com.ru/~wolf/dic/>  linux  
  src.rpm : <ftp://ftp.smile.org.ua/pub/linux/prj/slowo/>

  [1m7.25.   / ...?[0m

  <http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Sound-Playing-HOWTO.html>

  <http://tldp.org/HOWTO/MP3-HOWTO.html>

    AU, WAV, MP3     ( SB Compatible) - sox, mpg123, 
     X - xmms

    MIDI - playmidi, timidity

    AVI, MOV - xanim, avifile ( <http://avifile.sourceforge.net>) - 
        xanim,     
     .    windows,  
         dll (   ,  
       ), mplayer ( <http://www.mplayerhq.hu>) -
      Xv, DGA2, SDL, X11,    ,
        (.dll),    (
       )      5.1   DVD. 
      xine ( <http://xine.sourceforge.net>) 5.1   .

    MPEG, VideoCD -     avifile, xine,mplayer 
     smpeg ( <http://www.lokigames.com/development/>, mpeglib (
     <http://mpeglib.sourceforge.net>)

    JPEG, TIFF, GIF (  PCX/BMP) gqview, gtksee,
     xloadimage, xv

        - zgv

      <http://www.freshmeat.net> -> application
  index -> multimedia...       
  download.

  [1m7.26.    Linux[0m

  <http://www.linuxgames.org.ru>

  <http://happypenguin.org>

  <http://www.linuxgames.com>



  [1m7.27.   p    p a.out  [0m
  [1mp pp p  bash  csh  ...not found,  p[0m
  [1m  mc  p ?[0m

          
    .    -  ./a.out, 
   '.'  $PATH,    root  
      . (    -
  )

  [1m7.28.        [0m
  [1m"Not running in graphics-capable console..." ?[0m

  H   mc   .

  [1m7.29.    VTxxx, PC, -  serial   [0m
  [1m ?[0m

  (Alexander Voropay)

     "" ,  
       DB-25.  
     - -.    :

  RX <-- TX
  TX --> RX
  RTS --> CTS
  CTS <-- RTS
  DTR --> DSR+CD
  DSR+CD <-- DTR
  GNG <--> GND


    -    hardware flowcontrol.

  ,   ,   minicom  Linux 
  TERM90, TELEMATE e.t.c.  DOS     
   COM- ( 38400, 8-N-1).    PC 
       .

   -     <http://www.chat.ru/~uk_nc/>

    ,      getty.   
  /etc/inittab  

  # Modem/Terminal on Serial COM2:
  S1:2345:respawn:/sbin/uugetty ttyS1 F38400 vt220


   F38400 -   38400 (  /etc/gettydefs),
   "vt220" -  ESC-  ( ,  
    TERM).

         Login:  
     ,   flow-control,   
      .

   .  Serial-HOWTO <http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Serial-
  HOWTO.html>

  [1m7.30.        CD-R  Linux?[0m

  .    -  mkisofs  cdwrite  cdrecord.
      - xcdroast  BurnIT. 
    HOWTO.

  [1m7.31.  RPM   .spec[0m

     <http://www.rpm.org>

      .spec     .spec 
  nmap.      binary rpm    source, 
         -   
  spec   %files - rpm  ,   
  install,   %install.      
   %files -

  find /usr/src/test-install -type d \! -path \*/usr \! -path \*/usr/local \
          \! -path \*/usr/local/bin \! -path \*/usr/local/sbin | \
          sed -e 's|^/usr/src/test-install/|%dir /|' >> file.spec
  find /usr/src/test-install -type f | sed -e 's|^/usr/src/test-install/|/| >>
                  file.spec


  ,     /usr/local/-  
   BuildRoot,    sed  ,  
  make install   -      %attr, , , %files
   -f. (  -path -      
     /usr, /usr/local  .. H   
   )

    rpm -bb .spec  . (  
  $RPMROOT/RPMS/${ARCH}/ )

  [1m7.32.  /  .[0m

  X Window System   .  s   Window  
      X.    - man X.
  ,  Linus Torvalds     c Linux, ,
    english.au  swedish.au 
  <ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/SillySounds/>   
         sndconfig.

  [1m7.33.    "" ?[0m

   ""   .   (ak) , 
  c    .



