PHYSICS


Physics 1901
RNTGEN,  WILHELM  CONRAD,  Germany,  Munich   University,  * 1845,
- 1923:   

"in recognition of the  extraordinary services he has rendered by
the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"


Physics 1902
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 

LORENTZ,  HENDRIK  ANTOON,  the  Netherlands,  Leyden  University,
* 1853,  - 1928;  and 

ZEEMAN,  PIETER,  the  Netherlands,  Amsterdam  University,  * 1865,
- 1943:   

"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their
researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"

  
Physics 1903
The  prize  was  divided,  one  half  being  awarded  to: 
  
BECQUEREL,  ANTOINE  HENRI,  France,  cole  Polytechnique,  Paris,
* 1852,  - 1908:   
  
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by
his discovery of  spontaneous radioactivity";  
  
the  other  half  jointly  to: 
  
CURIE,  PIERRE,  France,  cole  municipale  de  physique  et  de
chimie  industrielles,  (Municipal  School  of  Industrial Physics
and  Chemistry),  Paris,  * 1859,  - 1906;  and  his  wife 
  
CURIE,  MARIE,  ne  SKLODOWSKA,  France,  * 1867  (in  Warsaw,
Poland),  - 1934:   
  
 "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered
by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by
Professor  Henri Becquerel"  
  

Physics 1904
RAYLEIGH,  Lord  (JOHN  WILLIAM  STRUTT),  Great Britain,  Royal
Institution  of  Great  Britain,  London,  * 1842,  - 1919:   
  
"for his investigations of the densities of the most  important
gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"

  

Physics 1905
  LENARD,  PHILIPP  EDUARD  ANTON,  Germany,  Kiel University, 
* 1862  (in  Pressburg,  then  Hungary),  - 1947:   
  
"for his work on cathode rays"  
  

Physics 1906
THOMSON,  Sir  JOSEPH  JOHN,  Great  Britain,  Cambridge  University,
* 1856,  - 1940:   
  
"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental
investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"  
  

Physics 1907
MICHELSON,  ALBERT  ABRAHAM ,  U.S.A.,  Chicago  University,  *
1852  (in  Strelno,  then  Germany),   - 1931:   
  
"for his optical precision instruments and the  spectroscopic and
metrological investigations carried out with their aid"  
  

Physics 1908
LIPPMANN,  GABRIEL,  France,  Sorbonne  University, Paris,  * 1845
(in  Hollerich,  Luxembourg),  - 1921:   
  
"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on
the phenomenon of interference"  
  

Physics 1909
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
MARCONI,  GUGLIELMO,  Italy,  Marconi  Wireless  Telegraph  Co.
Ltd.,  London,  Great  Britain,  * 1874,  - 1937;  and 
  
BRAUN,  CARL  FERDINAND,  Germany,  Strasbourg  University,  Alsace
(then  Germany),  * 1850,  - 1918:   
  
"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless
telegraphy"  
  

Physics 1910
VAN  DER  WAALS,  JOHANNES  DIDERIK,  the  Netherlands,  Amsterdam
University,  * 1837,  - 1923:   
  
"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"  
  

Physics 1911
WIEN,  WILHELM,  Germany,  Wrzburg  University, * 1864,  - 1928:

  
"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation
of heat"  
  

Physics 1912
DALN,  NILS  GUSTAF,  Sweden,  Swedish  Gas-Accumulator  Co., 
Liding-Stockholm,  * 1869,  - 1937:   
  
"for his invention of automatic regulators for use  in conjunction
with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys"  
  

Physics 1913
KAMERLINGH-ONNES,  HEIKE,  the  Netherlands, Leyden  University
* 1853,  - 1926:   
  
"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures
which led, inter alia to the production of liquid helium"  
  

Physics 1914
VON  LAUE,  MAX,  Germany,  Frankfurt-on-the  Main  University,
* 1879,  - 1960:   
  
 "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals"  
  

Physics 1915
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BRAGG,  Sir  WILLIAM  HENRY,  Great  Britain,  London  University,
* 1862,  - 1942;  and  his  son 
  
BRAGG,  Sir  WILLIAM  LAWRENCE,  Great  Britain, Victoria  University,
Manchester,  * 1890  (in  Adelaide, Australia),  - 1971:   
  
"for their services in the analysis of crystal  structure by means
of X-rays"  
  

Physics 1916
The prize money for allocated to the Special Fund of this prize
section. 
  

Physics 1917
BARKLA, CHARLES GLOVER, Great Britain, Edinburgh University, * 1877,
- 1944:  
  
"for his discovery of the characteristic Rntgen radiation of the
elements"  
  

Physics 1918
PLANCK,  MAX  KARL  ERNST  LUDWIG,  Germany, Berlin  University,
* 1858,  - 1947:   
  
"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of
Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"  
  

Physics 1919
STARK,  JOHANNES,  Germany,  Greifswald  University, * 1874,  -
1957:   
  
"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting
of spectral  lines in electric fields"  
  

Physics 1920
GUILLAUME,  CHARLES  EDOUARD,  Switzerland, Bureau  International
des  Poids  et  Mesures  (International Bureau  of  Weights  and
Measures),  Svres,  * 1861,  - 1938:   
  
"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements
in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"

  

Physics 1921
EINSTEIN,  ALBERT,  Germany  and  Switzerland,  Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut
(now  Max-Planck-Institut)  fr  Physik,  Berlin,  * 1879,  - 1955:

  
"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his
discovery of  the law of the photoelectric effect"  
  

Physics 1922
BOHR,  NIELS,  Denmark,  Copenhagen  University,  * 1885,  - 1962:

  
"for his services in the investigation of  the structure of atoms
and of the radiation emanating from them"  
  

Physics 1923
MILLIKAN,  ROBERT  ANDREWS,  U.S.A.,  California Institute  of 
Technology,  Pasadena,  CA,  * 1868,  - 1953:   
  
"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the
photoelectric effect"  
  

Physics 1924
SIEGBAHN,  KARL  MANNE  GEORG,  Sweden,  Uppsala  University,  *
1886,  - 1978:   
  
"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"

  

Physics 1925
FRANCK,  JAMES,  Germany,  Goettingen  University, * 1882,  - 1964;
and 
  
HERTZ,  GUSTAV,  Germany,  Halle  University,  * 1887,  - 1975:

  
"for their discovery  of the laws governing the impact of an electron
upon an atom"  
  

Physics 1926
PERRIN,  JEAN  BAPTISTE,  France,  Sorbonne  University,  Paris,
* 1870,  - 1942:   
  
"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially
for his discovery of  sedimentation equilibrium"  
  

Physics 1927
 The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
COMPTON,  ARTHUR  HOLLY,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Chicago  * 1892,
- 1962:   
  
"for his  discovery of the effect named after him";  and 
  
WILSON,  CHARLES  THOMSON  REES,  Great  Britain,  Cambridge  University,
* 1869  (in  Glencorse,  Scotland), - 1959:   
  
"for his method of making  the paths of electrically charged particles
visible by condensation of vapour"  
  

Physics 1928
RICHARDSON,  Sir  OWEN  WILLANS,  Great  Britain,  London  University,
* 1879,  - 1959:   
  
"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the
discovery of the law named after him"  
  

Physics 1929
DE  BROGLIE,  Prince  LOUIS-VICTOR,  France,  Sorbonne  University,
Institut  Henri  Poincar,  Paris,  * 1892,  - 1987:   
  
"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"  
  

Physics 1930
 RAMAN,  Sir  CHANDRASEKHARA  VENKATA,  India,  Calcutta  University,
* 1888,  - 1970:   
  
"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of
the effect named after him"  
  

Physics 1931
The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize
section. 
  

Physics 1932
HEISENBERG,  WERNER,  Germany,  Leipzig  University, * 1901,  -
1976:   
  
"for the creation of  quantum mechanics, the application of which
has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of
hydrogen"  
  

Physics 1933
SCHRDINGER,  ERWIN,  Austria,  Berlin  University, Germany,  *
1887,  - 1961;  and 
  
DIRAC,  PAUL  ADRIEN  MAURICE,  Great  Britain,  Cambridge  University,
* 1902,  - 1984:   
  
"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"  
  

Physics 1934
The  prize  money  was  with  1/3  allocated  to  the  Main  Fund
and  with  2/3  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this  prize  section.

  

Physics 1935
CHADWICK,  Sir  JAMES,  Great  Britain,  Liverpool  University,
* 1891,  - 1974:   
  
 "for the discovery of the neutron"  
  

Physics 1936
 The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
HESS,  VICTOR  FRANZ,  Austria,  Innsbruck  University, * 1883,
- 1964:   
  
"for his discovery of cosmic radiation";  and 
  
ANDERSON,  CARL  DAVID,  U.S.A.,  California  Institute  of  Technology,
Pasadena,  CA,  * 1905,  - 1991:   
  
"for his  discovery of the positron"  
  

Physics 1937
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
DAVISSON,  CLINTON  JOSEPH,  U.S.A.,  Bell  Telephone  Laboratories,
New  York,  NY,  * 1881,  - 1958;  and 
  
THOMSON,  Sir  GEORGE  PAGET,  Great  Britain,  London  Universi
ty,  * 1892,  - 1975:   
  
"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons
by crystals"  
  

Physics 1938
FERMI,  ENRICO,  Italy,  Rome  University,  * 1901,  - 1954:   
  
"for  his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements
produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of
nuclear reactions  brought about by slow neutrons"  
  

Physics 1939
LAWRENCE,  ERNEST  ORLANDO,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California,
Berkeley,  CA,  * 1901,  - 1958:   
  
"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results
obtained with it,  especially with regard to artificial radioactive
elements"  
  

Physics 1940
 The  prize  money  was  with  1/3  allocated  to  the  Main  Fund
and with  2/3  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this  prize  section.

  

Physics 1941
 The  prize  money  was  with  1/3  allocated  to  the  Main  Fund
and with  2/3  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this  prize  section.

  

Physics 1942
 The  prize  money  was  with  1/3  allocated  to  the  Main  Fund
and with  2/3  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this  prize  section.

  

Physics 1943
STERN,  OTTO,  U.S.A.,  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology,   Pittsburg,
PA,  * 1888  (in  Sorau,  then  Germany),  - 1969:    
  
"for his contribution to the development  of the molecular ray method
and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"  
  

Physics 1944
RABI,  ISIDOR  ISAAC,  U.S.A.,  Columbia  University,  New  York,
NY,  * 1898,  (in  Rymanow,  then  Austria-Hungary) - 1988:   
  
"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties
of atomic nuclei"  
  

Physics 1945
PAULI,  WOLFGANG,  Austria,  Princeton  University,  NJ,  U.S.A.,
* 1900,  - 1958:   
  
"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli
Principle"  
  

Physics 1946
BRIDGMAN,  PERCY  WILLIAMS,  U.S.A.,  Harvard University,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1882,  - 1961:   
  
"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures,
and for the  discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure
physics"  
  

Physics 1947
APPLETON,  Sir  EDWARD  VICTOR,  Great  Britain,  Department  of
Scientific  and  Industrial  Research,  London, * 1892,  - 1965:

  
"for his investigations of the  physics of the upper atmosphere
especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"  
  

Physics 1948
BLACKETT,  Lord  PATRICK  MAYNARD  STUART,  Great  Britain,  Victoria
University,  Manchester,  * 1897,  - 1974:   
  
"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his
discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic
radiation"  
  

Physics 1949
YUKAWA,  HIDEKI,  Japan,  Kyoto  Imperial  University  and  Columbia
University,  New  York,  NY,  U.S.A.,  * 1907,  - 1981:   
  
"for his prediction of the  existence of mesons on the basis of
theoretical work on nuclear forces"  
  

Physics 1950
POWELL,  CECIL  FRANK,  Great  Britain,  Bristol  University,  *
1903,  - 1969:   
  
"for his development of the  photographic method of studying nuclear
processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"

  

Physics 1951
 The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
COCKCROFT,  Sir  JOHN  DOUGLAS,  Great  Britain, Atomic  Energy
Research  Establishment,  Harwell,  Didcot,  Berks.,  * 1897,  -
1967;  and 
  
WALTON,  ERNEST  THOMAS  SINTON,  Ireland,  Dublin  University,
* 1903,  - 1995:   
  
"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by
artificially accelerated atomic particles"  
  

Physics 1952
  The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BLOCH,  FELIX,  U.S.A.,  Stanford  University,  Stanford, CA,  *
1905  (in  Zurich,  Switzerland),  - 1983;  and 
  
PURCELL,  EDWARD  MILLS,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1912, - 1997:   
  
"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision
measurements and  discoveries in connection therewith"  
  

Physics 1953
  ZERNIKE,  FRITS  (FREDERIK),  the  Netherlands,  Groningen  University,
* 1888,  - 1966:   
  
"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially
for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"  
  

Physics 1954
  The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
BORN,  MAX,  Great  Britain,  Edinburgh  University,  * 1882  (in
Breslau,  then  Germany),  - 1970:   
  
"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for
his  statistical interpretation of the wavefunction";  and 
  
BOTHE,  WALTHER,  Germany,  Heidelberg  University,  Max-Planck
Institut  (former  Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut)  fr  medizinische  Forschung,
Heidelberg,  * 1891,  - 1957:   
  
"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made  therewith"

  

Physics 1955
  The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
LAMB,  WILLIS  EUGENE,  U.S.A.,  Stanford  University,  Stanford,
CA,  * 1913:   
  
"for  his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen
spectrum";  and 
  
KUSCH,  POLYKARP,  U.S.A.,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  NY,
* 1911  (in  Blankenburg,  then  Germany),  - 1993:   
  
 "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the
electron"  
  

Physics 1956
 The  prize  was  awarded  jointly,  one  third  each,  to: 
  
SHOCKLEY,  WILLIAM,  U.S.A.,  Semiconductor  Laboratory  of  Beckman
Instruments,  Inc.,  Mountain  View,  CA,  * 1910  (in  London, 
Great  Britain),  - 1989;  
  
BARDEEN,  JOHN,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  IL,
* 1908,  - 1991;  and 
  
BRATTAIN,  WALTER  HOUSER,  U.S.A.,  Bell  Telephone  Laboratories,
Murray  Hill,  NJ,  * 1902,  - 1987:   
  
"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the
transistor effect"  
  

Physics 1957
 The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
YANG,  CHEN  NING,  China,  Institute  for  Advanced  Study,  Princeton,
NJ,  U.S.A.,  * 1922;  and 
  
LEE,  TSUNG-DAO,  China,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  NY,
U.S.A.,  * 1926:   
  
"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws
which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"

  

Physics 1958
 The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
CHERENKOV,  PAVEL  ALEKSEYEVICH,  USSR,  Physics  Institute  of
USSR  Academy  of  Sciences,  Moscow,  * 1904, - 1990;  
  
FRANK,  IL'JA  MIKHAILOVICH,  USSR,  University  of  Moscow  and
Physics  Institute  of  USSR  Academy  of  Sciences,  Moscow,  *
1908,  - 1990;  and 
  
TAMM,  IGOR  YEVGENYEVICH,  USSR,  University  of  Moscow  and 
Physics  Institute  of  USSR  Academy  of  Sciences,  Moscow,  *
1885,  - 1971:    
  
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"

  

Physics 1959
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
SEGR,  EMILIO  GINO,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,
CA,  * 1905  (in  Tivoli,  Italy),  - 1989;  and 
  
CHAMBERLAIN,  OWEN,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,
CA,  * 1920:   
  
"for their discovery of  the antiproton"  
  

Physics 1960
GLASER,  DONALD  A.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,
CA,  * 1926:   
  
"for the invention of the  bubble chamber"  
  

Physics 1961
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
HOFSTADTER,  ROBERT,  U.S.A.,  Stanford  University,  Stanford,
CA,  * 1915,  - 1990:   
  
"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering  in atomic nuclei
and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning  the stucture
of the nucleons";  and 
  
MSSBAUER,  RUDOLF  LUDWIG,  Germany,  Technische  Hochschule, 
Munich,  and  California  Institute  of  Technology,  Pasadena, 
CA,  U.S.A.,   * 1929:   
  
"for his researches concerning  the resonance absorption of gamma
radiation and his discovery in this connection of the  effect which
bears his name"  
  

Physics 1962
LANDAU,  LEV  DAVIDOVICH,  USSR,  Academy  of  Sciences,  Moscow,
* 1908,  - 1968:   
  
"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid
helium"  
  

Physics 1963
 The  prize  was  divided,  one  half  being  awarded  to: 
  
WIGNER,  EUGENE  P.,  U.S.A.,  Princeton  University,  Princeton,
NJ,  * 1902  (in  Budapest,  Hungary),  - 1995:   
  
"for his contributions to  the theory of the atomic nucleus and
the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and
application of fundamental symmetry  principles";   
  
and  the  other  half  jointly  to: 
  
GOEPPERT-MAYER,  MARIA,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California,  La
Jolla,  CA,  * 1906  (in  Kattowitz,  then  Germany), - 1972;  and

  
JENSEN,  J.  HANS  D.,  Germany,  University  of  Heidelberg, *
1907,  - 1973:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"  
  

Physics 1964
The  prize  was  divided,  one  half  being  awarded  to: 
  
TOWNES,  CHARLES  H.,  U.S.A.,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology
(MIT) , Cambridge,  MA,  * 1915;  and  the  other  half  jointly
to: 
  
BASOV,  NICOLAY  GENNADIYEVICH,  USSR,  Lebedev  Institute  for
Physics,  Akademija  Nauk,  Moscow,  * 1922;  and 
  
PROKHOROV,  ALEKSANDR  MIKHAILOVICH,  USSR,  Lebedev  Institute
for  Physics,  Akademija  Nauk,  Moscow, * 1916:   
  
"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which
has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on
the maser-laser principle"  
  

Physics 1965
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
TOMONAGA,  SIN-ITIRO,  Japan,  Tokyo,  University  of  Education,
Tokyo,  * 1906,  - 1979;  
  
SCHWINGER,  JULIAN,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge, 
MA,  * 1918,  - 1994;  and 
  
FEYNMAN,  RICHARD  P.,  U.S.A.,  California  Institute  of  Technology,
Pasadena,  CA,  * 1918,  - 1988:   
  
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics,  with deep-ploughing
consequences for the physics of elementary particles"  
  

Physics 1966
KASTLER,  ALFRED,  France,  cole  Normale  Suprieure,  Universit
de  Paris,  * 1902,  - 1984:   
  
"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying
hertzian resonances in atoms"  
  

Physics 1967
BETHE,  HANS  ALBRECHT,  U.S.A.,  Cornell  University, Ithaca, 
NY,  * 1906  (in  Strasbourg,  then  Germany):   
  
"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially
his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"  
  

Physics 1968
 ALVAREZ,  LUIS  W.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,
CA,  * 1911,  - 1988:   
  
 "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics,
in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states,
made possible  through his development of the technique of using
hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"  
  

Physics 1969
GELL-MANN,  MURRAY,  U.S.A.,  California  Institute  of  Technology,
Pasadena,  CA,  * 1929:   
  
"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the  classification
of elementary particles and their interactions"  
  

Physics 1970
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
ALFVN,  HANNES,  Sweden,  Royal  Institute  of  Technology,  Stockholm,
* 1908,  - 1995:   
  
"for fundamental work and discoveries in  magneto-hydrodynamics
with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics";
and 
  
NEL,  LOUIS,  France,  University  of  Grenoble,  Grenoble, * 1904:

  
"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism
and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid
state physics"  
  

Physics 1971
GABOR,  DENNIS,  Great  Britain,  Imperial  College  of  Science
and  Technology,  London,  * 1900  (in  Budapest,  Hungary),  - 1979:

  
"for his invention and development of the holographic method"   
  

Physics 1972
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BARDEEN,  JOHN,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  IL,
* 1908,  - 1991;  
  
COOPER,  LEON  N.,  U.S.A.,  Brown  University,  Providence,  RI,
* 1930;  and 
  
SCHRIEFFER,  J.  ROBERT,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia,  PA,  * 1931:   
  
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually
called the BCS-theory"  
  

Physics 1973
The  prize  was  divided,  one  half  being  equally  shared  between:

  
ESAKI,  LEO,  Japan,  IBM  Thomas  J.  Watson  Research  Center,
Yorktown  Heights,  NY,  U.S.A.,  * 1925;  and 
  
GIAEVER,  IVAR,  U.S.A.,  General  Electric  Company, Schenectady,
NY,  * 1929  (in  Bergen,  Norway),   
  
"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling  phenomena
in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"  
  
and  the  other  half  to: 
  
JOSEPHSON,  BRIAN  D.,  Great  Britain,  Cambridge  University,
Cambridge,  * 1940:   
  
"for his theoretical predictions of the  properties of a supercurrent
through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are
generally known as the Josephson effects"  
  

Physics 1974
 The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
RYLE,  Sir  MARTIN,  Great  Britain,  Cambridge  University,  Cambridge,
* 1918,  - 1984;  and 
  
HEWISH,  ANTONY,  Great  Britain,  Cambridge  University, Cambridge,
* 1924:   
  
"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his
observations and inventions, in particular of the  aperture synthesis
technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"

  

Physics 1975
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BOHR,  AAGE,  Denmark,  Niels  Bohr  Institute,  Copenhagen,  *
1922;  
  
MOTTELSON,  BEN,  Denmark,  Nordita,  Copenhagen, * 1926  (in  Chicago,
U.S.A.);  and 
  
RAINWATER,  JAMES,  U.S.A.,  Columbia  University,  New  York, 
NY,  * 1917,  - 1986:   
  
"for the  discovery of the connection between collective motion
and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory
of the structure of the  atomic nucleus based on this connection"

  

Physics 1976
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
RICHTER,  BURTON,  U.S.A.,  Stanford  Linear  Accelerator  Center,
Stanford,  CA,  * 1931;   
  
TING,  SAMUEL  C.  C.,  U.S.A.,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology
(MIT),  Cambridge,  MA,  (European  Center  for  Nuclear  Research,
Geneva,   Switzerland),  * 1936:   
  
"for their pioneering work in the  discovery of a heavy elementary
particle of a new kind"  
  

Physics 1977
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
ANDERSON,  PHILIP  W.,  U.S.A.,  Bell  Laboratories, Murray  Hill,
NJ,  * 1923;  
  

  
MOTT,  Sir  NEVILL  F.,  Great  Britain,  Cambridge  University,
Cambridge,  * 1905,  - 1996;  and 
  
VAN  VLECK,  JOHN  H.,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1899,  - 1980:   
  
"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic
structure of magnetic and  disordered systems"  
  

Physics 1978
 The  prize  was  divided,  one  half  being  awarded  to: 
  
KAPITSA,  PYOTR  LEONIDOVICH,  USSR,  Academy  of  Sciences,  Moscow,
* 1894,  - 1984:   
  
"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature
physics";  
  
and  the  other  half  divided  equally  between: 
  
PENZIAS,  ARNO  A.,  U.S.A.,  Bell  Laboratories,  Holmdel,  NJ,
* 1933  (in  Munich,  Germany);  and 
  
WILSON,  ROBERT  W.,  U.S.A.,  Bell  Laboratories,  Holmdel,  NJ,
* 1936:   
  
"for  their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" 

  

Physics 1979
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
GLASHOW,  SHELDON  L.,  U.S.A.,  Lyman  Laboratory,  Harvard  University,
Cambridge,  MA,  * 1932;  
  
SALAM,  ABDUS,  Pakistan,  International  Centre  for  Theoretical
Physics,  Trieste,  and  Imperial  College  of  Science  and  Technology,
London,  Great   Britain,  * 1926, - 1996;  and 
  
WEINBERG,  STEVEN,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  MA,
* 1933:   
  
"for their contributions to the theory of  the unified weak and
electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including
inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current"  
  

Physics 1980
 The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
CRONIN,  JAMES,  W.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,
IL,  * 1931;  and 
  
FITCH,  VAL  L.,  U.S.A.,  Princeton  University,  Princeton, NJ,
* 1923:   
  
"for the discovery of violations of  fundamental symmetry principles
in the decay of neutral K-mesons"  
  

Physics 1981
 The  prize  was  awarded  by  one  half  jointly  to: 
  
BLOEMBERGEN,  NICOLAAS,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1920  (in  the  Netherlands);  and 
  
SCHAWLOW,  ARTHUR  L.,  U.S.A.,  Stanford  University,  Stanford,
CA,  * 1921:   
  
"for  their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy";

  
and  the  other  half  to: 
  
SIEGBAHN,  KAI  M.,  Sweden,  Uppsala  University,  Uppsala,  *
1918:   
  
"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron
spectroscopy"  
  

Physics 1982
WILSON,  KENNETH  G.,  U.S.A.,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  NY,
* 1936:   
  
"for his theory  for critical phenomena in connection with phase
transitions"  
  

Physics 1983
The  prize  was  awarded  by  one  half  to: 
  
CHANDRASEKHAR,  SUBRAMANYAN,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Chicago,
Chicago,  IL,  * 1910  (in  Lahore,  India),  - 1995:   
  
"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance
to the structure and evolution of the stars"  
  
and  by  the  other  half  to: 
  
FOWLER,  WILLIAM  A.,  U.S.A.,  California  Institute  of  Technology,
Pasadena,  CA,  * 1911,  - 1995:   
  
"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the  nuclear reactions
of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"

  

Physics 1984
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
RUBBIA,  CARLO,  Italy,  CERN,  Geneva,  Switzerland, * 1934;  and

  
VAN  DER  MEER,  SIMON,  the  Netherlands,  CERN,  Geneva,  Switzerland,
* 1925:   
  
"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led
to the  discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of
weak interaction"  
  

Physics 1985
VON  KLITZING,  KLAUS,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  Max-Planck-Institute
for  Solid  State  Research,  Stuttgart, * 1943:   
  
"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"  
  

Physics 1986
The  prize  was  awarded  by  one  half  to: 
  
RUSKA,  ERNST,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  Fritz- Haber-Institut
der  Max-Planck-Gesellschaft,  Berlin,  * 1906,  - 1988:   
  
"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design
of the first electron microscope"  
  
and  the  other  half  jointly  to: 
  
BINNIG,  GERD,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  IBM  Zurich  Research
Laboratory,  Rschlikon,  Switzerland, * 1947;  and 
  
ROHRER,  HEINRICH,  Switzerland,  IBM  Zurich  Research  Laboratory,
Rschlikon,  Switzerland,  * 1933:   
  
"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"  
  

Physics 1987
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BEDNORZ,  J.  GEORG,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany, IBM  Research
Laboratory,  Rschlikon,  Switzerland,  * 1950;  and 
  
MLLER,  K.  ALEXANDER,  Switzerland,  IBM  Research  Laboratory,
Rschlikon,  Switzerland,  * 1927:   
  
"for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity
in ceramic materials"  
  

Physics 1988
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
LEDERMAN,  LEON  M.,  U.S.A.,  Fermi  National  Accelerator  Laboratory,
Batavia,  IL,  * 1922;  
  
SCHWARTZ,  MELVIN,  U.S.A.,  Digital  Pathways,  Inc.,  Mountain
View,  CA,  * 1932;  and 
  
STEINBERGER,  JACK,  U.S.A.,  CERN,  Geneva,  Switzerland,  * 1921
(in  Bad  Kissingen,  FRG):   
  
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet
structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"

  

Physics 1989
The  prize  was  awarded  by  one  half  to: 
  
RAMSEY,  NORMAN  F.,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1915:   
  
"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and
its use in the hydrogen  maser and other atomic clocks"  
  
and  the  other  half  jointly  to: 
  
DEHMELT,  HANS  G.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Washington,  Seattle,
WA,  * 1922  (in  Grlitz,  Germany);  and 
  
PAUL,  WOLFGANG,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  University  of
Bonn,  Bonn,  * 1913,  - 1993:   
  
"for the  development of the ion trap technique"  
  

Physics 1990
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
FRIEDMAN,  JEROME  I.,  U.S.A.,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,
Cambridge,  MA,  * 1930;  
  
KENDALL,  HENRY  W.,  U.S.A.,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,
Cambridge,  MA,  * 1926;  and 
  
TAYLOR,  RICHARD  E.,  Canada,  Stanford  University, Stanford,
CA,  U.S.A.,  * 1929:   
  
"for their pioneering investigations  concerning deep inelastic
scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have
been of essential importance for the development of the quark  model
in particle physics"  
  

Physics 1991
de  GENNES,  PIERRE-GILLES,  France,  Collge  de  France,  Paris,
* 1932:   
  
"for discovering that  methods developed for studying order phenomena
in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter,
in particular to liquid  crystals and polymers"  
  

Physics 1992
 CHARPAK,  GEORGES,  France,  cole  Suprieure  de  Physique  et
Chimie,  Paris  and  CERN,  Geneva,  Switzerland,  * 1924  ( in 
Poland):   
  
"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular
the multiwire  proportional chamber"  
  

Physics 1993
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
HULSE,  RUSSELL  A.,  U.S.A.,  Princeton  University,  Princeton,
NJ,  * 1950,  and 
  
TAYLOR  Jr.,  JOSEPH  H.,  U.S.A.,  Princeton  University,  Princeton,
NJ,  * 1941:   
  
"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has
opened up new possibilities for  the study of gravitation"   
  

Physics 1994
The  prize  was  awarded  
  
"for pioneering contributions to the  development of neutron scattering
techniques for studies of condensed matter" 
  
 by one half to:  BROCKHOUSE, BERTRAM N.,  Canada, McMaster University,
Hamilton, Ontario,  * 1918:    
  
 "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" 
  
and by the other half to:  SHULL, CLIFFORD G.,  U.S.A., Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,  * 1915:   
  
"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"  
  

Physics 1995
The prize was awarded 
  
"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"  
  
with one half to: PERL, MARTIN L.,  U.S.A.,  Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, U.S.A., * 1927, 
  
"for the discovery of the tau lepton"  
  
and with one half to: REINES, FREDERICK,  U.S.A., University of California
at Irvine, Irvine, CA, U.S.A., * 1918: 
  
"for the detection of the neutrino"  
  

Physics 1996
The prize was awarded jointly to: 
  
LEE, DAVID M.,  U.S.A.,  Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A.,
* 1931; 
  
OSHEROFF, DOUGLAS D.,  U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
U.S.A., * 1945; and 
  
RICHARDSON, ROBERT C., U.S.A., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A,
* 1937: 
  
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" 
  

  

Physics 1997
The 1997 Nobel Prize Winners in Physics will be announced on Wednesday,
October 15, 11.45 a.m. at the earliest. 

Copyright c 1997 The Nobel Foundation

