PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE


Physiology or Medicine 1901
VON  BEHRING,  EMIL  ADOLF,  Germany,  Marburg  University,  * 1854,
- 1917:   

"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against
diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the  domain of medical
science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious
weapon against illness and deaths"  


Physiology or Medicine 1902
ROSS,  Sir  RONALD,  Great  Britain,  University  College, Liverpool,
* 1857  (in  Almora,  India),  - 1932:   

"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the
organism and  thereby has laid the foundation for successful research
on this disease and methods of combating it"  


Physiology or Medicine 1903
FINSEN,  NIELS  RYBERG,  Denmark,  Finsen  Medical Light  Institute,
Copenhagen,  * 1860  (in  Thorshavn,  Faroe Islands),  - 1904:  
  
"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases,
especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby
he has opened a new avenue for medical science"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1904
PAVLOV,  IVAN  PETROVICH,  Russia,  Military  Medical  Academy,
St.  Petersburg  * 1849,  - 1936:   
  
"in recognition of his  work on the physiology of digestion, through
which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed
and enlarged"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1905
KOCH,  ROBERT,  Germany,  Institut  fr  Infektions-Krankheiten
(Institute  for  Infectious  Diseases),  Berlin,  * 1843,  - 1910:
  
"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"
  

Physiology or Medicine 1906
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
GOLGI,  CAMILLO,  Italy,  Pavia  University,  * 1843,  - 1926; 
and 
  
RAMN  Y  CAJAL,  SANTIAGO,  Spain,  Madrid  University,   * 1852,
- 1934:   
  
"in recognition of their work on  the structure of the nervous system"
  

Physiology or Medicine 1907
LAVERAN,  CHARLES  LOUIS  ALPHONSE,  France,  Institut  Pasteur,
Paris,  * 1845,  - 1922:   
  
"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing
diseases"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1908
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
METCHNIKOV,  ILYA  ILYICH,  Russia,  Institut  Pasteur, Paris, 
France,  * 1845,  - 1916;  and 
  
EHRLICH,  PAUL,  Germany,  Gttingen  University  and Knigliches
Institut  fr  experimentelle  Therapie  (Royal Institute  for  Experimental
Therapy),  Frankfurt-on-the-Main,  * 1854,  - 1915:   
  
"in recognition of their work on immunity"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1909
KOCHER,  EMIL  THEODOR,  Switzerland,  Berne  University,  * 1841,
- 1917:   
  
"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid
gland"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1910
KOSSEL,  ALBRECHT,  Germany,  Heidelberg  University, * 1853,  -
1927:   
  
"in recognition of the  contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry
made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic  substances"
  

Physiology or Medicine 1911
GULLSTRAND,  ALLVAR,  Sweden,  Uppsala  University, * 1862,  - 1930:
  
"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1912
CARREL,  ALEXIS,  France,  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical
Research,  New  York,  NY,  * 1873,  - 1944:   
  
"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation
of blood vessels and organs"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1913
RICHET,  CHARLES  ROBERT,  France,  Sorbonne  University,  Paris,
* 1850,  - 1935:   
  
"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1914
BRNY,  ROBERT,  Austria,  Vienna  University,  * 1876,  - 1936:
  
"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular
apparatus"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1915
The  prize  money  was  allocated  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this
prize  section. 
  

Physiology or Medicine 1916
The  prize  money  was  allocated  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this
prize  section. 
  

Physiology or Medicine 1917
The  prize  money  was  allocated  to  the  Special  Fund of  this
prize  section. 
  

Physiology or Medicine 1918
The  prize  money  was  allocated  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this
prize  section. 
  

Physiology or Medicine 1919
BORDET,  JULES,  Belgium,  Brussels  University,  * 1870,  - 1961:
  
"for his discoveries relating to immunity"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1920
KROGH,  SCHACK  AUGUST  STEENBERG,  Denmark,  Copenhagen  University,
* 1874,  - 1949:   
  
"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"

  
Physiology or Medicine 1921
The  prize  money  was  allocated  to  the  Special  Fund of  this
prize  section. 
  

Physiology or Medicine 1922
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
HILL,  Sir  ARCHIBALD  VIVIAN,  Great  Britain,  London  University,
* 1886,  - 1977:   
  
"for his  discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle";
and 
  
MEYERHOF,  OTTO  FRITZ,  Germany,  Kiel  University, * 1884,  -
1951:   
  
"for his  discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption
of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1923
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BANTING,  Sir  FREDERICK  GRANT,  Canada,  Toronto  University,
* 1891,  - 1941;  and 
  
MACLEOD,  JOHN  JAMES  RICHARD,  Canada,  Toronto  University, 
* 1876,  (in  Cluny,  Scotland),  - 1935:   
  
"for the  discovery of insulin"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1924
EINTHOVEN,  WILLEM,  the  Netherlands,  Leyden  University,  * 1860
(in  Semarang,  Java,  then  Dutch  East  Indies), - 1927:   
  
"for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1925
The  prize  money  was  allocated  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this
prize  section. 
  

Physiology or Medicine 1926
FIBIGER,  JOHANNES  ANDREAS  GRIB,  Denmark, Copenhagen  University,
* 1867,  - 1928:   
  
"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1927
WAGNER-JAUREGG,  JULIUS,  Austria,  Vienna  University,  * 1857,
- 1940:   
  
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation
in the treatment of dementia paralytica"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1928
NICOLLE,  CHARLES  JULES  HENRI,  France,  Institut Pasteur,  Tunis,
* 1866,  - 1936:   
  
"for his work on typhus"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1929
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
EIJKMAN,  CHRISTIAAN,  the  Netherlands,  Utrecht  University, 
* 1858,  - 1930:   
  
"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin";  and 
  
HOPKINS,  Sir  FREDERICK  GOWLAND,  Great  Britain,  Cambridge 
University,  * 1861,  - 1947:   
  
"for his  discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1930
LANDSTEINER,  KARL,  Austria,  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical
Research,  New  York,  NY,  U.S.A.,  * 1868,  - 1943:   
  
"for his discovery of human blood groups"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1931
WARBURG,  OTTO  HEINRICH,  Germany,  Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut   (now
Max-Planck-Institut)  fr  Biologie,  Berlin-Dahlem,  * 1883,  -
1970:   
  
"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory
enzyme"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1932
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
SHERRINGTON,  Sir  CHARLES  SCOTT,  Great  Britain, Oxford  University,
* 1857,  - 1952;  and 
  
ADRIAN,  Lord  (EDGAR  DOUGLAS),  Great  Britain,  Cambridge  University,
* 1889,  - 1977:   
  
 "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1933
MORGAN,  THOMAS  HUNT,  U.S.A.,  California  Institute 
  
of  Technology,  Pasadena,  CA,  * 1866,  - 1945:   
  
"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome
in heredity"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1934
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
WHIPPLE,  GEORGE  HOYT,  U.S.A.,  Rochester  University,  Rochester,
NY,  * 1878,  - 1976;  
  
MINOT,  GEORGE  RICHARDS,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1885,  - 1950;  and 
  
MURPHY,  WILLIAM  PARRY,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,
MA,  and  Peter  Brent  Brigham  Hospital, Boston,  MA,  * 1892,
- 1987:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of  anaemia"
  

Physiology or Medicine 1935
SPEMANN,  HANS,  Germany,  University  of  Freiburg  im  Breisgau,
* 1869,  - 1941:   
  
"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"
  

Physiology or Medicine 1936
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
DALE,  Sir  HENRY  HALLETT,  Great  Britain,  National Institute
for  Medical  Research,  London,  * 1875,  - 1968;  and 
  
LOEWI,  OTTO,  Austria,  Graz  University,  * 1873,  (in Frankfurt-on
the-Main,  Germany),  - 1961:   
  
"for their discoveries relating to  chemical transmission of nerve
impulses"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1937
VON  SZENT-GYRGYI,  ALBERT,  Hungary,  Szeged  University,  * 1893,
- 1986:   
  
"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion
processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis
of fumaric acid"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1938
HEYMANS,  CORNEILLE  JEAN  FRANOIS,  Belgium,  Ghent  University,
* 1892,  - 1968:   
  
"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms
in the regulation of respiration"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1939
DOMAGK,  GERHARD,  Germany,  Munster  University, * 1895,  - 1964:
  
"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"  (Caused
by  the   authorities  of  his  country  to decline  the  award,
but  later  received  the  diploma  and  the medal.) 
  

Physiology or Medicine 1940
One  third  of  the  prize  money  was  allocated  to  the  Main
Fund  and two  thirds  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this  prize  section.
  

Physiology or Medicine 1941
One  third  of  the  prize  money  was  allocated  to  the  Main
Fund  and two  thirds  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this  prize  section.
  

Physiology or Medicine 1942
One  third  of  the  prize  money  was  allocated  to  the  Main
Fund  and two  thirds  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this  prize  section.
  

Physiology or Medicine 1943
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
DAM,  HENRIK  CARL  PETER,  Denmark,  Polytechnic  Institute,  Copenhagen,
* 1895,  - 1976:   
  
"for his discovery  of vitamin K";  and 
  
DOISY,  EDWARD  ADELBERT,  U.S.A.,  Saint  Louis  University,  St.
Louis,  MO,  * 1893,  - 1986:   
  
 "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1944
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
ERLANGER,  JOSEPH,  U.S.A.,  Washington  University,  St.  Louis,
MO,  * 1874,  - 1965;  and 

  
GASSER,  HERBERT  SPENCER,  U.S.A.,  Rockefeller Institute  for
Medical  Research,  New  York,  NY,  * 1888,  - 1963:   
  
"for their discoveries relating to the highly  differentiated functions
of single nerve fibres"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1945
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
FLEMING,  Sir  ALEXANDER,  Great  Britain,  London University, 
* 1881,  (in  Lochfield,  Scotland),  - 1955;   
  
CHAIN,  Sir  ERNST  BORIS,  Great  Britain,  Oxford  University,
* 1906,  (in  Berlin,  Germany),  - 1979;  and 
  
FLOREY,  Lord  (HOWARD  WALTER),  Great  Britain, Oxford  University,
* 1898  (in  Adelaide,  Australia),  - 1968:   
  
 "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various
infectious diseases"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1946
MULLER,  HERMANN  JOSEPH,  U.S.A.,  Indiana  University,  Bloomington,
IN,  * 1890,  - 1967:   
  
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray
irradiation"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1947
The  prize  was  divided,  one  half  being  awarded  jointly  to:
  
CORI,  CARL  FERDINAND,  U.S.A.,  Washington  University,  St. 
Louis,  MO,  * 1896,  (in  Prague,  then  Austria), - 1984;  and
his  wife 
  
CORI,  GERTY  THERESA,  ne  RADNITZ,  U.S.A.,  Washington  University,
St.  Louis,  MO,  * 1896  (in  Prague,  then  Austria),  - 1957:

  
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of
glycogen";  
  
the  other  half  being  awarded  to: 
  
HOUSSAY,  BERNARDO  ALBERTO,  Argentina,  Instituto  de  Biologia
y  Medicina  Experimental  (Institute  for  Biology and  Experimental
Medicine),  Buenos  Aires,  * 1887,  - 1971:   
  
 "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior
pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1948
MLLER,  PAUL  HERMANN,  Switzerland,  Laboratorium  der  Farben-Fabriken
J.R.  Geigy  A.G.  (Laboratory  of  the J.R.  Geigy  Dye-Factory
Co.),  Basel,  * 1899,  - 1965:   
  
"for his  discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison
against several arthropods"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1949
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
HESS,  WALTER  RUDOLF,  Switzerland,  Zurich  University,  * 1881,
- 1973:   
  
"for his discovery  of the functional organization of the interbrain
as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs";  and

  
MONIZ,  ANTONIO  CAETANO  DE  ABREU  FREIRE  EGAS,  Portugal,  Neurological
Institute,  University  of  Lisbon,  * 1874,  - 1955:   
  
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy  in certain
psychoses"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1950
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
KENDALL,  EDWARD  CALVIN,  U.S.A.,  Mayo  Clinic,  Rochester,  MN,
* 1886,  - 1972;  
  
REICHSTEIN,  TADEUS,  Switzerland,  Basel  University, * 1897  (in
Wloclawek,  Poland),  - 1996; and 
  
HENCH,  PHILIP  SHOWALTER,  U.S.A.,  Mayo  Clinic, Rochester , 
MN,  * 1896,  - 1965:   
  
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex,
their structure and biological effects"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1951
THEILER,  MAX,  Union  of  South  Africa,  Laboratories Division
of  Medicine  and  Public  Health,  Rockefeller  Foundation,  New
York,  NY,  U.S.A.,  * 1899,  - 1972:   
  
"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"


Physiology or Medicine 1952
 WAKSMAN,  SELMAN  ABRAHAM,  U.S.A.,  Rutgers University,  New 
Brunswick,  NJ,  * 1888,  (in  Priluka,  Ukraine,  Russia),  - 1973:
  
"for his discovery of  streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective
against tuberculosis"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1953
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
KREBS,  Sir  HANS  ADOLF,  Great  Britain,  Sheffield  University,
* 1900  (in  Hildesheim,  Germany),  - 1981:   
  
"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle";  and 
  
LIPMANN,  FRITZ  ALBERT,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  Medical  School  and
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  Boston,  MA,  * 1899  (in  Koenigsberg,
then   Germany),  - 1986:   
  
"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for  intermediary
metabolism"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1954
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
ENDERS,  JOHN  FRANKLIN,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston,
MA,;  Research  Division  of  Infectious  Diseases,  Children's 
Medical  Center,   Boston,  MA,  * 1897,  - 1985;  
  
WELLER,  THOMAS  HUCKLE,  U.S.A.,  Research  Division  of  Infectious
Diseases,  Children's  Medical  Center,  Boston,  MA,  * 1915;  and
  
ROBBINS,  FREDERICK  CHAPMAN,  U.S.A.,  Western  Reserve  University,
Cleveland,  OH,  * 1916:   
  
"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to 
grow in cultures of various types of tissue"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1955
THEORELL,  AXEL  HUGO  THEODOR,  Sweden,  Nobel  Medical  Institute,
Stockholm,  * 1903,  - 1982:   
  
"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of
oxidation enzymes"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1956
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
COURNAND,  ANDR  FRDRIC,  U.S.A.,  Cardio-Pulmonary  Laboratory,
Columbia  University  Division,  Bellevue  Hospital,  New  York,
NY,   * 1895  ( in  Paris,  France),  - 1988;  
  
FORSSMANN,  WERNER,  Germany,  Mainz  University  and  Bad  Kreuznach,
* 1904,  - 1979;  and 
  
RICHARDS,  DICKINSON  W.,  U.S.A.,  Columbia  University,  New 
York,  NY,  * 1895,  - 1973:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning heart catherization and pathological
changes in the circulatory system"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1957
BOVET,  DANIEL,  Italy,  Istituto  Superiore  di  Sanit  (Chief
Institute  of  Public  Health),  Rome,  * 1907  (in  Neuchtel, Switzerland),
- 1992:   
  
"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit
the action of certain body substances, and especially their action
on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1958
The  prize  was  divided,  one  half  being  awarded  jointly  to:
  
BEADLE,  GEORGE  WELLS,  U.S.A.,  California  Institute of  Technology,
Pasadena,  CA,  * 1903,  - 1989;  and 
  
TATUM,  EDWARD  LAWRIE,  U.S.A.,  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical
Research,  New  York,  NY,  * 1909,  - 1975:   
  
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite  chemical
events";  
  
and  the  other  half  to: 
  
LEDERBERG,  JOSHUA,  U.S.A.,  Wisconsin  University,  Madison, 
WI,  * 1925:   
  
"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization
of the genetic material of  bacteria"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1959
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
OCHOA,  SEVERO,  U.S.A.,  New  York  University,  College  of  Medicine,
New  York,  NY,  * 1905  (in  Luarca,  Spain),  - 1993;  and 
  
KORNBERG,  ARTHUR,  U.S.A.,  Stanford  University, Stanford,  CA,
* 1918:   
  
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis
of  ribonucleic acid and deoxiribonucleic acid"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1960
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BURNET,  Sir  FRANK  MACFARLANE,  Australia,  Walter  and  Eliza
Hall  Institute  for  Medical  Research,  Melbourne, * 1899,  - 1985;
and 
  
MEDAWAR,  Sir  PETER  BRIAN,  Great  Britain,  University  College,
London,  * 1915,  - 1987:   
  
 "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1961
VON  BKSY,  GEORG,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University, Cambridge, 
MA,  * 1899  (in  Budapest,  Hungary),  - 1972:   
  
"for his  discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within
the cochlea"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1962
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
CRICK,  FRANCIS  HARRY  COMPTON,  Great  Britain,  Institute  of
Molecular  Biology,  Cambridge,  * 1916;  
  
WATSON,  JAMES  DEWEY,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1928;  and 
  
WILKINS,  MAURICE  HUGH  FREDERICK,  Great  Britain,  University
of  London,  * 1916:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning the  molecular structure of nuclear
acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
  

Physiology or Medicine 1963
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
ECCLES,  Sir  JOHN  CAREW,  Australia,  Australian  National  University,
Canberra,  * 1903, - 1997;  
  
HODGKIN,  Sir  ALAN  LLOYD,  Great  Britain,  Cambridge  University,
Cambridge,  * 1914;  and 
  
HUXLEY,  Sir  ANDREW  FIELDING,  Great  Britain,  London  University,
* 1917:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved
in excitation and  inhibition in the peripheral and central portions
of the nerve cell membrane"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1964
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BLOCH,  KONRAD,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  MA,
* 1912  (in  Neisse,  Germany);  and 
  
LYNEN,  FEODOR,  Germany,  Max-Planck-Institut  fr Zellchemie,
Munich,  * 1911,  - 1979:   
  
"for their  discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation
of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1965
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
JACOB,  FRANOIS,  France,  Institut  Pasteur,  Paris, * 1920; 

  
LWOFF,  ANDR,  France,  Institut  Pasteur,  Paris,  * 1902,  -
1994; and 
  
MONOD,  JACQUES,  France,  Institut  Pasteur,  Paris, * 1910,  -
1976:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of  enzyme and
virus synthesis"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1966
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
ROUS,  PEYTON,  U.S.A.,  Rockefeller  University,  New  York,  NY,
* 1879,  - 1970:   
  
"for his discovery of tumor-inducing viruses";  and 
  
HUGGINS,  CHARLES  BRENTON,  U.S.A.,  Ben  May Laboratory  for 
Cancer  Research,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  IL,  * 1901:
  
"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"
  

Physiology or Medicine 1967
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
GRANIT,  RAGNAR,  Sweden,  The  Karolinska  Institute,  Stockholm,
* 1900  (in  Helsinki,  Finland),  - 1991;  
  
HARTLINE,  HALDAN  KEFFER,  U.S.A.,  The  Rockefeller  University,
New  York,  NY,  * 1903,  - 1983;  and 
  
WALD,  GEORGE,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  MA, 
* 1906,  - 1997:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and
chemical visual processes in the  eye"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1968
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
HOLLEY,  ROBERT  W.,  U.S.A.,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  NY,
* 1922,  - 1993  ; 
  
KHORANA,  HAR  GOBIND,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,
WI,  * 1922  (in  Raipur,  India);  and 
  
NIRENBERG,  MARSHALL  W.,  U.S.A.,  National  Institutes  of  Health,
Bethesda,  MD,  * 1927:   
  
"for their interpretation of the  genetic code and its function in
protein synthesis"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1969
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
DELBRCK,  MAX,  U.S.A.,  California  Institute  of  Technology,
Pasadena,  CA,  * 1906,  (in  Berlin,  Germany),  - 1981;  
  
HERSHEY,  ALFRED  D.,  U.S.A.,  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,
Long  Island,  New  York,  NY,  * 1908, - 1997; and 
  
LURIA,  SALVADOR  E.,  U.S.A.,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology
(MIT),  Cambridge,  MA,  * 1912,  (in  Torino, Italy),  - 1991: 
  
"for their discoveries concerning the replication  mechanism and
the genetic structure of viruses"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1970
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
KATZ,  Sir  BERNARD,  Great  Britain,  University  College,  London,
* 1911;  
  
VON  EULER,  ULF,  Sweden,  The  Karolinska  Institute,  Stockholm,
* 1905,  - 1983;  and 
  
AXELROD,  JULIUS,  U.S.A.,  National  Institutes  of  Health,  Bethesda,
MD,  * 1912:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the
nerve terminals and the  mechanism for their storage, release and
inactivation"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1971
SUTHERLAND,  EARL  W.  JR.,  U.S.A.,  Vanderbilt  University,  Nashville,
TN,  * 1915,  - 1974:   
  
"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of
hormones"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1972
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
EDELMAN,  GERALD  M.,  U.S.A.,  Rockefeller  University,  New  York,
NY,  * 1929;  and 
  
PORTER,  RODNEY  R.,  Great  Britain,  University  of  Oxford, 
* 1917,  - 1985:   
  
 "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
  

Physiology or Medicine 1973
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
VON  FRISCH,  KARL,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  Zoologisches
Institut  der  Universitt  Mnchen,  Munich,  * 1886  (in  Vienna,
Austria),  - 1982;  
  
LORENZ,  KONRAD,  Austria,  sterreichische  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften,
Institut  fr  vergleichende  Verhaltensforschung,  Altenberg,  *
1903,   - 1989;  and 
  
TINBERGEN,  NIKOLAAS,  Great  Britain,  Department  of  Zoology,
University  Museum,  Oxford,  * 1907  (in  the  Hague,  the  Netherlands),
- 1988:    
  
"for their discoveries concerning  organization and elicitation
of individual and social behaviour patterns"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1974
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
CLAUDE,  ALBERT,  Belgium,  Universit  Catholique  de  Louvain,
Louvain,  * 1899,  - 1983;  
  
DE  DUVE,  CHRISTIAN,  Belgium,  The  Rockefeller  University, 
New  York,  NY,  * 1917;  and 
  
PALADE,  GEORGE  E.,  U.S.A.,  Yale  University  School  of  Medicine,
New  Haven,  CT,  * 1912  (in  Iasi,  Romania):   
  
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional
organization of the cell"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1975
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BALTIMORE,  DAVID,  U.S.A.,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology
(MIT),  Cambridge,  MA,  * 1938;  
  
DULBECCO,  RENATO,  U.S.A.,  Imperial  Cancer  Research  Fund  Laboratory,
London,  * 1914  (in  Catanzaro,  Italy);and 
  
TEMIN,  HOWARD  MARTIN,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,
WI,  * 1934,  - 1994:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour
viruses and the genetic material of the cell"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1976
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
 BLUMBERG,  BARUCH  S.,  U.S.A.,  The  Institute  for  Cancer  Research,
Philadelphia,  PA,  * 1925;  and 
  
GAJDUSEK,  D.  CARLETON,  U.S.A.,  National  Institutes of  Health,
Bethesda,  MD,  * 1923:   
  
"for their discoveries  concerning new mechanisms for the origin
and dissemination of infectious diseases"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1977
The  prize  was  divided,  one  half  being  awarded  jointly  to:
  
GUILLEMIN,  ROGER,  U.S.A.,  The  Salk  Institute,  San Diego, 
CA,  * 1924  (in  Dijon,  France);  and 
  
SCHALLY,  ANDREW  V.,  U.S.A.,  Veterans  Administration  Hospital,
New  Orleans,  LA,  * 1926  ( in  Wilno,  Poland):   
  
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production
of the brain";  
  
and  the  other  half  being  awarded  to: 
  
YALOW,  ROSALYN,  U.S.A.,  Veterans  Administration  Hospital, 
Bronx,  NY,  * 1921:   
  
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" 
  

Physiology or Medicine 1978
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
ARBER,  WERNER,  Switzerland,  Biozentrum  der  Universitt,  Basel,
* 1929;  
  
NATHANS,  DANIEL,  U.S.A.,  Johns  Hopkins  University  School 
of  Medicine,  Baltimore,  MD,  * 1928;  and 
  
SMITH,  HAMILTON  O.,  U.S.A.,  Johns  Hopkins  University  School
of  Medicine,  Baltimore,  MD,  * 1931:   
  
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to
problems of molecular  genetics"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1979
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
CORMACK,  ALLAN  M.,  U.S.A.,  Tufts  University,  Medford,  MA,
* 1924  (in  Johannesburg,  South  Africa);  and 
  
HOUNSFIELD,  Sir  GODFREY  N.,  Great  Britain,  Central  Research
Laboratories,  EMI,  London,  * 1919:   
  
"for  the development of computer assisted tomography"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1980
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BENACERRAF,  BARUJ,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston,
MA,  * 1920  (Caracas,  Venezuela); 
  
DAUSSET,  JEAN,  France,  Universit  de  Paris,  Laboratoire  Immuno-Hmatologi
,
Paris,  * 1916;  and 
  
SNELL,  GEORGE  D.,  U.S.A.,  Jackson  Laboratory,  Bar Harbor,
ME,  * 1903,  - 1996;   
  
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures
on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1981
The  prize  was  awarded  one  half  to: 
  
SPERRY,  ROGER  W.,  U.S.A.,  California  Institute  of Technology,
Pasadena,  CA,  * 1913,  - 1994:   
  
"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of
the cerebral hemispheres"  
  
and  the  other  half  jointly  to: 
  
HUBEL,  DAVID  H.,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston,
MA,  * 1926  (in  Canada);  and 
  
WIESEL,  TORSTEN  N.,  Sweden,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston,
MA,  U.S.A.,  * 1924:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the
visual system"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1982
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BERGSTRM,  SUNE  K.,  Sweden,  The  Karolinska  Institute,  Stockholm,
* 1916;  
  
SAMUELSSON,  BENGT  I.,  Sweden,  The  Karolinska  Institute,  Stockholm,
* 1934;  and 
  
VANE,  Sir  JOHN  R.,  Great  Britain,  The  Wellcome  Research
Laboratories,  Beckenham,  * 1927:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically
active substances"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1983
McCLINTOCK,  BARBARA,  U.S.A.,  Cold  Spring  Harbor  Laboratory,
Cold  Spring  Harbor,  NY,  * 1902,  - 1992:   
  
"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1984
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
JERNE,  NIELS  K.,  Denmark,  Basel  Institute  for  Immunology,
Basel,  Switzerland,  * 1911,  - 1994; 
  
KHLER,  GEORGES  J.F.,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  Basel
Institute  for  Immunology,  Basel,  Switzerland,  * 1946,  - 1995;
and 
  
MILSTEIN,  CSAR,  Great  Britain  and  Argentina,  MRC Laboratory
of  Molecular  Biology,  Cambridge,  * 1927  (in Bahia  Blanca, 
Argentina):   
  
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control
of the immune system and the discovery of the  principle for production
of monoclonal antibodies"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1985
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BROWN,  MICHAEL  S.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Texas  Health  Science
Center  at  Dallas,  Dallas,  TX,  * 1941;  and 
  
GOLDSTEIN,  JOSEPH  L.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Texas Health 
Science  Center  at  Dallas,  Dallas,  TX,  * 1940:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol
metabolism"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1986
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
COHEN,  STANLEY,  U.S.A.,  Vanderbilt  University  School  of  Medicine,
Nashville,  TN,  * 1922;  and 
  
LEVI-MONTALCINI,  RITA,  Italy  and  U.S.A.,  Institute  of  Cell
Biology  of  the  C.N.R.,  Rome,  Italy,  * 1909  (in  Turin, Italy):
  
"for their discoveries of growth factors"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1987
TONEGAWA,  SUSUMU,  Japan,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology
(MIT),  Cambridge,  MA,  U.S.A.,  * 1939:   
  
"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody
diversity"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1988
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BLACK,  Sir  JAMES  W.,  Great  Britain,  King's  College  Hospital
Medical  School,  University  of  London,  London,  Great  Britain,
* 1924;  
  
ELION,  GERTRUDE  B.,  U.S.A.,  Wellcome  Research Laboratories,
Research  Triangle  Park,  NC,  * 1918;  and 
  
HITCHINGS,  GEORGE  H.,  U.S.A.,  Wellcome  Research Laboratories,
Research  Triangle  Park,  NC,  * 1905:   
  
"for their discoveries  of important principles for drug treatment"
  

Physiology or Medicine 1989
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BISHOP,  J.  MICHAEL,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California  School
of  Medicine,  San  Francisco,  CA,  * 1936;  and 
  
VARMUS,  HAROLD  E.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California  School
of  Medicine,  San  Francisco,  CA,  * 1939:   
  
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"

  

Physiology or Medicine 1990
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
MURRAY,  JOSEPH  E.,  U.S.A.,  Brigham  and  Women's Hospital, 
Boston,  MA,  * 1919;  and 
  
THOMAS,  E.  DONNALL,  U.S.A.,  Fred  Hutchinson Cancer  Research
Center,  Seattle,  WA,  * 1920:   
  
"for  their discoveries concerning Organ and Cell Transplantation
in the Treatment of Human Disease"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1991
 The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
NEHER,  ERWIN,  Germany,  Max-Planck-Institut  fr  Biophysikalische
Chemie,  Gttingen,  * 1944;  and 
  
SAKMANN,  BERT,  Germany,  Max-Planck-Institut  fr  Medizinische
Forschung,  Heidelberg,  * 1942:   
  
"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels
in cells"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1992
 The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
FISCHER,  EDMOND  H.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Washington,  Seattle
WA,  * 1920  (in  Shanghai,  China);  and 
  
KREBS,  EDWIN  G.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Washington, Seattle
WA,  * 1918:   
  
"for their discoveries  concerning reversible protein phosphorylation
as a biological regulatory mechanism"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1993
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
ROBERTS,  RICHARD  J.,  Great Britain,  New  England  Biolabs, 
Beverly,  MA,  U.S.A.,  * 1943;  and 
  
SHARP,  PHILLIP  A.,  U.S.A.,  Center  for  Cancer  Research,  Massachusetts
Institute  of  Technology,  Cambridge,  MA,  * 1944:   
  
"for their discoveries of split genes"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1994
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
GILMAN,  ALFRED  G.,  U.S.A,  University  of  Texas  Southwestern
Medical  Center,  Dallas,  TX,  * 1941,  and 
  
RODBELL,  MARTIN,  U.S.A.,  National  Institute  of  Environmental
Health  Sciences,  Research  Triangle  Park,  NC,  * 1925:   
  
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these  proteins
in signal transduction in cells"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1995
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
LEWIS, EDWARD B., U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,
CA, U.S.A., * 1918; 
  
NSSLEIN-VOLHARD, CHRISTIANE, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut fr Entwicklungsbiolo
gie,
Tbingen, Germany, * 1942; and 
  
WIESCHAUS, ERIC F., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ,
U.S.A., * 1947: 
  
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic
development"  
  

Physiology or Medicine 1996
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
DOHERTY, PETER C., Australia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, TN, U.S.A., * 1940; and 
  
ZINKERNAGEL, ROLF M., Switzerland, University of Zurich, University
Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland, * 1944: 
  
"for their discoveries concering the specificity of the cell mediated
immune defence" 
  

Physiology or Medicine 1997
The  prize  was  awarded   to: 
  
PRUSINER, STANLEY B., U.S.A., University of California, School of
Medicine, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A., * 1942: 
  
"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"

Copyright c 1997 The Nobel Foundation

