CHEMISTRY


Chemistry 1901
VAN'T  HOFF,  JACOBUS  HENRICUS,  the  Netherlands, Berlin  University,
Germany,  * 1852,  - 1911:   

"in recognition of the extraordinary services he  has rendered by
the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure
in solutions"  


Chemistry 1902
FISCHER,  HERMANN  EMIL,  Germany,  Berlin  University,  * 1852, - 1919   

"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by
his work on sugar and purine syntheses"  


Chemistry 1903
ARRHENIUS,  SVANTE  AUGUST,  Sweden,  Stockholm  University,  *
1859,  - 1927   

"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to
the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation"


Chemistry 1904
RAMSAY,  Sir  WILLIAM,  Great  Britain,  London  University,  *
1852,  - 1916:   
  
"in recognition of his services in the  discovery of the inert gaseous
elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic
system"  


Chemistry 1905
VON  BAEYER,  JOHANN  FRIEDRICH  WILHELM  ADOLF,  Germany,  Munich
University,  * 1835,  - 1917:   
  
"in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry
and the chemical industry,  through his work on organic dyes and
hydroaromatic compounds"  


Chemistry 1906
MOISSAN,  HENRI,  France,  Sorbonne  University,  Paris, * 1852,
- 1907:   
  
"in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his  investigation
and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the
service of science of the electric furnace called after him"  


Chemistry 1907
BUCHNER,  EDUARD,  Germany,  Landwirtschaftliche  Hochschule,  (Agricultural
College),  Berlin,  * 1860,  - 1917:   
  
"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"


Chemistry 1908
RUTHERFORD,  Lord  ERNEST,  Great  Britain,  Victoria  University,
Manchester,  * 1871  (in  Nelson,  New  Zealand), - 1937:   
  
"for his investigations into the  disintegration of the elements,
and the chemistry of radioactive substances"  


Chemistry 1909
OSTWALD,  WILHELM,  Germany,  Leipzig  University, * 1853  (in 
Riga,  then  Russia),  - 1932:   
  
"in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations
into the fundamental  principles governing chemical equilibria and
rates of reaction"  


Chemistry 1910
WALLACH,  OTTO,  Germany,  Goettingen  University, * 1847,  - 1931:
  
"in recognition of his  services to organic chemistry and the chemical
industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"


Chemistry 1911
CURIE,  MARIE,  ne  SKLODOWSKA,  France,  Sorbonne  University,
Paris,  * 1867  (in  Warsaw,  Poland),  - 1934:   
  
"in recognition of her services to  the advancement of chemistry
by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation
of radium and the study of the nature and  compounds of this remarkable
element"  


Chemistry 1912
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
GRIGNARD,  VICTOR,  France,  Nancy  University,  * 1871,  - 1935:
  
"for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in
recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry";
and 
  
SABATIER,  PAUL,  France,  Toulouse  University,  * 1854,  - 1941:
  
"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence
of finely disintegrated metals whereby the  progress of organic chemistry
has been greatly advanced in recent years"  


Chemistry 1913
WERNER,  ALFRED,  Switzerland,  Zurich  University, * 1866  (in
Mulhouse,  Alsace,  then  Germany),  - 1919:   
  
"in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules
by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened
up  new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry"  


Chemistry 1914
RICHARDS,  THEODORE  WILLIAM,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1868,  - 1928:   
  
"in recognition of his accurate determinations  of the atomic weight
of a large number of chemical elements"  


Chemistry 1915
WILLSTTTER,  RICHARD  MARTIN,  Germany,  Munich  University,  *
1872,  - 1942:   
  
"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" 


Chemistry 1916
The  prize  money  was  allocated  to  the  Special  Fund of  this
prize  section. 


Chemistry 1917
The  prize  money  was  allocated  to  the  Special  Fund of  this
prize  section. 


Chemistry 1918
HABER,  FRITZ,  Germany,  Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut  (now  Fritz-Haber-Institut)
fr  physikalische  Chemie  und  Electrochemie,  Berlin-Dahlem, 
* 1868,  - 1934:   
  
"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"  


Chemistry 1919
The  prize  money  for  1919  was  allocated  to  the  Special 
Fund of  this  prize  section. 


Chemistry 1920
NERNST,  WALTHER  HERMANN,  Germany,  Berlin  University,  * 1864, - 1941:   
  
"in  recognition of his work in thermochemistry"  


Chemistry 1921
SODDY,  FREDERICK,  Great  Britain,  Oxford  University, * 1877, - 1956:   
  
"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive
substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of
isotopes"  


Chemistry 1922
ASTON,  FRANCIS  WILLIAM,  Great  Britain,  Cambridge  University,
* 1877,  - 1945:   
  
"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of  isotopes,
in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation
of the whole-number rule"  


Chemistry 1923
PREGL,  FRITZ,  Austria,  Graz  University,  * 1869,  - 1930:  
  
"for his invention of  the method of micro-analysis of organic 
substances"  


Chemistry 1924
The  prize  money  was  allocated  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this
prize  section. 


Chemistry 1925
ZSIGMONDY,  RICHARD  ADOLF,  Germany,  Goettingen  University, 
* 1865  (in  Vienna,  Austria),  - 1929:   
  
"for his  demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions
and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental
in modern colloid chemistry"  


Chemistry 1926
SVEDBERG,  THE  (THEODOR),  Sweden,  Uppsala  University,  * 1884,
- 1971:   
  
"for his work on  disperse systems"  


Chemistry 1927
WIELAND,  HEINRICH  OTTO,  Germany,  Munich  University,  * 1877,
- 1957:   
  
"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and
related substances"  


Chemistry 1928
WINDAUS,  ADOLF  OTTO  REINHOLD,  Germany, Goettingen  University,
* 1876,  - 1959:   
  
"for the services rendered through his research into the constitution
of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"  


Chemistry 1929
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
HARDEN,  Sir  ARTHUR,  Great  Britain,  London  University,  * 1865,
- 1940;  and 
  
VON  EULER-CHELPIN,  HANS  KARL  AUGUST  SIMON,  Sweden,  Stockholm
University,  * 1873  (in  Augsburg,  Germany),  - 1964:   
  
"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative
enzymes"  


Chemistry 1930
FISCHER,  HANS,  Germany,  Technische  Hochschule  (Institute  of
Technology),  Munich,  * 1881,  - 1945:   
  
"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll
and especially for  his synthesis of haemin"  


Chemistry 1931
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
BOSCH,  CARL,  Germany,  Heidelberg  University  and  I.G.  Farbenindustrie
A.G.,  Heidelberg,  * 1874,  - 1940;  and 
  
BERGIUS,  FRIEDRICH,  Germany,  Heidelberg  University  and  I.G.
Farbenindustrie  A.G.  Mannheim-Rheinau,  * 1884,  - 1949:   
  
"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development
of chemical high pressure methods"  


Chemistry 1932
LANGMUIR,  IRVING,  U.S.A.,  General  Electric  Co.,  Schenectady,
NY,  * 1881,  - 1957:   
  
"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"  


Chemistry 1933
The  prize  money  was  with  1/3  allocated  to  the  Main  Fund
and  with  2/3  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this  prize  section.


Chemistry 1934
UREY,  HAROLD  CLAYTON,  U.S.A.,  Columbia  University,  New  York,
NY,  * 1893,  - 1981:   
  
"for his  discovery of heavy hydrogen"  


Chemistry 1935
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
JOLIOT,  FRDRIC,  France,  Institut  du  Radium,  Paris, * 1900,
- 1958;  and  his  wife 
  
JOLIOT-CURIE,  IRNE,  France,  Institut  du  Radium, Paris,  *
1897,  - 1956:   
  
"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements"


Chemistry 1936
DEBYE,  PETRUS  (PETER)  JOSEPHUS  WILHELMUS,  the  Netherlands,
Berlin  University,  and  Kaiser-Wilhelm- Institut  (now  Max-Planck-Institut)
fr  Physik,  Berlin- Dahlem,  Germany,  * 1884,  - 1966:   
  
"for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure 
through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction
of X-rays and electrons in gases"  


Chemistry 1937
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
HAWORTH,  Sir  WALTER  NORMAN,  Great  Britain,  Birmingham  University,
* 1883,  - 1950:   
  
"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"  
  
KARRER,  PAUL,  Switzerland,  Zurich  University,  * 1889, - 1971:   
  
"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and  vitamins A
and B2"  


Chemistry 1938
KUHN,  RICHARD,  Germany,  Heidelberg  University  and  Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut
(now  Max-Planck-Institut)  fr  medizinische  Forschung,   Heidelberg,
* 1900  (in  Vienna,Austria),  - 1967:   
  
"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"  (Caused  by  the  authorities
of  his   country  to  decline  the  award  but   later  received
the  diploma  and  the  medal.) 


Chemistry 1939
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
BUTENANDT,  ADOLF  FRIEDRICH  JOHANN,  Germany,  Berlin  University
and  Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut  (now  Max-Planck-Institut)  fr  Biochemie,
Berlin-Dahlem, * 1903,  - 1995:   
  
"for his work on sex hormones"  (Caused  by  the  authorities  of
his  country  to  decline  the   award  but  later  received  the
diploma  and  the  medal);  and 
  
RUZICKA LEOPOLD,  Switzerland,  Eidgenssiche Technische  Hochschule,
(Federal  Institute  of  Technology),  Zurich,  * 1887  (in  Vukovar,
then  Austria-Hungary), - 1976:   
  
"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"  


Chemistry 1940
The  prize  money  was  with  1/3  allocated  to  the  Main  Fund
and with  2/3  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this  prize  section.


Chemistry 1941
The  prize  money  was  with  1/3  allocated  to  the  Main  Fund
and with  2/3  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this  prize  section.


Chemistry 1942
The  prize  money  was  with  1/3  allocated  to  the  Main  Fund
and with  2/3  to  the  Special  Fund  of  this  prize  section.


Chemistry 1943
DE  HEVESY,  GEORGE,  Hungary,  Stockholm  University,  Sweden,
* 1885,  - 1966:   
  
"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of
chemical processes"  


Chemistry 1944
HAHN,  OTTO,  Germany,  Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut,  (now  Max-Planck
Institut)  fr  Chemie,  Berlin-Dahlem,  * 1879,  - 1968:   
  
"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"  


Chemistry 1945
VIRTANEN,  ARTTURI  ILMARI,  Finland,  Helsinki  University,  *
1895,  - 1973:   
  
"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry,
especially for his  fodder preservation method"  


Chemistry 1946
The  prize  was  divided,  one  half  being  awarded  to: 
  
SUMNER,  JAMES  BATCHELLER,  U.S.A.,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,
NY,  * 1887,  - 1955:   
  
"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"  
  
the  other  half  jointly  to: 
  
NORTHROP,  JOHN  HOWARD,  U.S.A.,  Rockefeller  Institute  for 
Medical  Research,  Princeton,  NJ,  * 1891,  - 1987;  and 
  
STANLEY,  WENDELL  MEREDITH,  U.S.A.,  Rockefeller  Institute  for
Medical  Research,  Princeton,  NJ,  * 1904,  - 1971:   
  
"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"


Chemistry 1947
ROBINSON,  Sir  ROBERT,  Great  Britain,  Oxford  University,  *
1886,  - 1975:   
  
"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance,
especially the alkaloids"  


Chemistry 1948
TISELIUS,  ARNE  WILHELM  KAURIN,  Sweden,  Uppsala  University,
* 1902,  - 1971:   
  
"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially
for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"


Chemistry 1949
GIAUQUE,  WILLIAM  FRANCIS,  U.S.A.,  University  of California,
Berkeley,  CA,  * 1895,  - 1982:   
  
"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics,
particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at  extremely
low temperatures"  


Chemistry 1950
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
DIELS,  OTTO,  PAUL  HERMANN,  Germany,  Kiel  University,  * 1876,
- 1954;  and 
  
ALDER,  KURT,  Germany,  Cologne  University,  * 1902,  - 1958:
  
"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"  


Chemistry 1951
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
McMILLAN,  EDWIN  MATTISON,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California,
Berkeley,  CA,  * 1907,  - 1991;  and 
  
SEABORG,  GLENN  THEODORE,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California,
Berkeley,  CA,  * 1912:   
  
"for their discoveries in the chemistry of  the transuranium elements"


Chemistry 1952
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
MARTIN,  ARCHER  JOHN  PORTER,  Great  Britain, National  Institute
for  Medical  Research,  London,  * 1910;  and 
  
SYNGE,  RICHARD  LAURENCE  MILLINGTON,  Great  Britain,  Rowett
Research  Institute,  Bucksburn  (Scotland), * 1914,  - 1994:   
  
"for their invention of partition chromatography"  


Chemistry 1953
STAUDINGER,  HERMANN,  Germany,  University  of Freiburg  im  Breisgau
and  Staatliches  Institut  fr  makromolekulare  Chemie  (State
Research  Institute  for  Macromolecular  Chemistry),  Freiburg 
in  Br.,   * 1881,  - 1965:   
  
"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" 


Chemistry 1954
PAULING,  LINUS  CARL,  U.S.A.,  California  Institute  of  Technology,
Pasadena,  CA,  * 1901,  - 1994:   
  
"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application
to  the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"  


Chemistry 1955
DU  VIGNEAUD,  VINCENT,  U.S.A.,  Cornell  University,  New  York,
NY,  * 1901,  - 1978:   
  
"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially
for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"  


Chemistry 1956
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
HINSHELWOOD,  Sir  CYRIL  NORMAN,  Great  Britain,  Oxford  University,
* 1897,  - 1967;  and 
  
SEMENOV,  NIKOLAY  NIKOLAEVICH,  USSR,  Institute  for  Chemical
Physics  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  the  USSR,  Moscow,
* 1896,  - 1986:    
  
"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"


Chemistry 1957
TODD,  Lord  ALEXANDER  R.,  Great  Britain,  Cambridge  University,
* 1907, - 1997:  
  
"for his  work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"  


Chemistry 1958
SANGER,  FREDERICK,  Great  Britain,  Cambridge  University,  *
1918:   
  
"for his  work on the structure of proteins, especially that of
insulin"  


Chemistry 1959
HEYROVSKY,  JAROSLAV,  Czechoslovakia,  Polarographic  Institute
of  the  Czechoslovak  Academy  of  Science, Prague,  * 1890,  -
1967:   
  
"for his discovery and development of the  polarographic methods
of analysis"  


Chemistry 1960
LIBBY,  WILLARD  FRANK,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California,  Los
Angeles,  CA,  * 1908,  - 1980:   
  
"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in  archaeology,
geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"  


Chemistry 1961
CALVIN,  MELVIN,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,
CA,  * 1911:   
  
"for his  research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"


Chemistry 1962
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
PERUTZ,  MAX  FERDINAND,  Great  Britain,  Laboratory of  Molecular
Biology,  Cambridge,  * 1914  ( in  Vienna, Austria);  and 
  
KENDREW,  Sir  JOHN  COWDERY,  Great  Britain,  Laboratory  of 
Molecular  Biology,  Cambridge,  * 1917, - 1997:  
  
"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"  


Chemistry 1963
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
ZIEGLER,  KARL,  Germany,  Max-Planck-Institut  fr Kohlenforschung
(Max-Planck-Institute  for  Carbon  Research)  Mlheim/Ruhr,  * 1898,
- 1973;  and 
  
NATTA,  GIULIO,  Italy,  Institute  of  Technology,  Milan, * 1903,
- 1979:   
  
"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology
of high polymers"  


Chemistry 1964
HODGKIN,  DOROTHY  CROWFOOT,  Great  Britain, Royal  Society,  Oxford
University,  Oxford,  * 1910,  - 1994:   
  
"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the  structures of
important biochemical substances"  


Chemistry 1965
WOODWARD,  ROBERT  BURNS,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1917,  - 1979:   
  
"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"


Chemistry 1966
MULLIKEN,  ROBERT  S.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,
IL,  * 1896,  - 1986:   
  
"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic
structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"  


Chemistry 1967
The  prize  was  divided,  one  half  being  awarded  to: 
  
EIGEN,  MANFRED,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  Max-Planck-Institut
fr  Physikalische  Chemie,  Goettingen,  * 1927;  
  
and  the  other  half  jointly  to: 
  
NORRISH,  RONALD  GEORGE  WREYFORD,  Great Britain,  Institute 
of  Physical  Chemistry,  Cambridge,  * 1897,  - 1978;  and 
  
PORTER,  Lord  (GEORGE),  Great  Britain,  The  Royal  Institution,
London,  * 1920:   
  
"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected
by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short  pulses of energy"


Chemistry 1968
ONSAGER,  LARS,  U.S.A.,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  CT,  *
1903  (in  Olso,  Norway),  - 1976:   
  
"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his  name,
which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"


Chemistry 1969
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
BARTON,  Sir  DEREK  H.  R.,  Great  Britain,  Imperial  College
of  Science  and  Technology,  London,  * 1918,  and 
  
HASSEL,  ODD,  Norway,  Kjemisk  Institutt,  Oslo  University, 
Oslo,  * 1897,  - 1981:   
  
"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation
and its application in chemistry"  


Chemistry 1970
LELOIR,  LUIS  F.,  Argentina,  Institute  for  Biochemical Research,
Buenos  Aires,  * 1906,  - 1987:   
  
"for his  discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis
of carbohydrates"  


Chemistry 1971
HERZBERG,  GERHARD,  Canada,  National  Research  Council  of  Canada,
Ottava,  * 1904  ( in  Hamburg,  Germany):   
  
"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic stucture and
geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"  


Chemistry 1972
The  prize  was  divided,  one  half  being  awarded  to: 
  
ANFINSEN,  CHRISTIAN  B.,  U.S.A.,  National  Institutes  of  Health,
Bethesda,  MD,  * 1916,  - 1995:   
  
"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection
between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation";
  
and  the  other  half  jointly  to: 
  
MOORE,  STANFORD,  U.S.A.,  Rockefeller  University,  New  York,
NY,  * 1913,  - 1982;  and 
  
STEIN,  WILLIAM  H.,  U.S.A.,  Rockefeller  University,  New  York,
NY,  * 1911,  - 1980:   
  
"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between
chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of
the ribonuclease molecule"  


Chemistry 1973
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
FISCHER,  ERNST  OTTO,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  Technical
University  of  Munich,  Munich,  * 1918;  and 
  
WILKINSON,  Sir  GEOFFREY,  Great  Britain,  Imperial  College,
London,  * 1921:   
  
"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry
of the  organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"  


Chemistry 1974
FLORY,  PAUL  J.,  U.S.A.,  Stanford  University,  Stanford,  CA,
* 1910,  - 1985:   
  
"for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental,
in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"  


Chemistry 1975
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
CORNFORTH,  Sir  JOHN  WARCUP,  Australia  and  Great  Britain,
University  of  Sussex,  Brighton,  * 1917:   
  
"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions";
and 
  
PRELOG,  VLADIMIR,  Switzerland,  Eidgenssische Technische  Hochschule,
Zurich,  * 1906  (in  Sarajevo, Bosnia):   
  
"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic  molecules
and reactions"  


Chemistry 1976
LIPSCOMB,  WILLIAM  N.,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1919:   
  
"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems
of chemical  bonding"  


Chemistry 1977
PRIGOGINE,  ILYA,  Belgium,  Universit  Libre  de  Bruxelles, 
Brussells  (University  of  Texas,  U.S.A.),  * 1917  (in Moscow,
Russia):   
  
"for his contributions to  non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly
the theory of dissipative structures"  


Chemistry 1978
MITCHELL,  PETER  D.,  Great  Britain,  Glynn  Research Laboratories,
Bodmin,  * 1920,  - 1992:   
  
"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy
transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"  


Chemistry 1979
The  prize  was  divided  equally  between: 
  
BROWN,  HERBERT  C.,  U.S.A.,  Purdue  University,  West  Lafayette,
IN,  * 1912  (in  London,  Great  Britain); and 
  
WITTIG,  GEORG,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  University  of
Heidelberg,  * 1897,  - 1987:   
  
"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing
compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"


Chemistry 1980
The  prize  was  divided,  one  half  being  awarded  to: 
  
BERG,  PAUL,  U.S.A.,  Stanford  University,  Stanford,  CA,   *
1926:   
  
"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry  of nucleic acids,
with particular regard to recombinant-DNA";  
  
and  the  other  half  jointly  to: 
  
GILBERT,  WALTER,  U.S.A.,  Biological  Laboratories,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1932;  and 
  
SANGER,  FREDERICK,  U.S.A.,  Great  Britain,  MRC  Laboratory 
of  Molecular  Biology,  Cambridge,  * 1918:   
  
"for their contributions  concerning the determination of base sequences
in nucleic acids"  


Chemistry 1981
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
FUKUI,  KENICHI,  Japan,  Kyoto  University,  Kyoto,  * 1918;  and
 
HOFFMANN,  ROALD,  U.S.A.,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  NY, 
* 1937  (in  Zloczow,  Poland):   
  
"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course
of chemical reactions"  


Chemistry 1982
KLUG,  Sir  AARON,  Great  Britain,  MRC  Laboratory  of  Molecular
Biology,  Cambridge,  * 1926  (in  Lithuania):   
  
"for his development of  crystallographic electron microscopy and
his structural elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein
complexes"  


Chemistry 1983
TAUBE,  HENRY,  U.S.A.,  Stanford  University,  Stanford,  CA, 
* 1915  (in  Saskatoon,  Canada):   
  
"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions,
especially in metal  complexes"  


Chemistry 1984
MERRIFIELD,  ROBERT  BRUCE,  U.S.A.,  Rockefeller University,  New
York,  NY,  * 1921:   
  
"for his development of methodology for  chemical synthesis on a
solid matrix"  


Chemistry 1985
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
HAUPTMAN,  HERBERT  A.,  U.S.A.,  The  Medical  Foundation  of 
Buffalo,  Buffalo,  NY,  * 1917;  and 
  
KARLE,  JEROME,  U.S.A.,  US  Naval  Research  Laboratory,  Washington,
DC,  * 1918:   
  
"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct
methods for the determination of crystal  structures"  


Chemistry 1986
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
HERSCHBACH,  DUDLEY  R.,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1932;  
  
LEE,  YUAN  T.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California,  Berkeley,
CA,  * 1936  (in  Hsinchu,  Taiwan);  and 
  
POLANYI,  JOHN  C.,  Canada,  University  of  Toronto, Toronto,
* 1929:   
  
"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of  chemical elementary
processes"  


Chemistry 1987
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
CRAM,  DONALD  J.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  California,  Los  Angeles,
CA,  * 1919;  
  
LEHN,  JEAN-MARIE,  France,  Universit  Louis  Pasteur,  Strasbourg,
and  Collge  de  France,  Paris,  * 1939;  and 
  
PEDERSEN,  CHARLES  J.,  U.S.A.,  Du  Pont,  Wilmington,  DE,  *
1904  (in  Fusan,  Korea,  as  a  Norwegian  citizen), - 1989:  
 
"for their development and use of  molecules with structure-specific
interactions of high selectivity"  


Chemistry 1988
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
DEISENHOFER,  JOHANN,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  Howard 
Hughes  Medical  Institute  and  Department  of  Biochemistry,  University
of  Texas  Southwestern  Medical  Center  at  Dallas,  TX,  U.S.A.,
* 1943;  
  
HUBER,  ROBERT,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  Max-Planck-Institut
fr  Biochemie,  Martinsried,  * 1937;  and 
  
MICHEL,  HARTMUT,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany, Max-Planck-Institut
fr  Biophysik,  Frankfurt/Main, * 1948:   
  
"for the determination of the three-dimensional  structure of a
photosynthetic reaction centre"  


Chemistry 1989
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to: 
  
ALTMAN,  SIDNEY,  U.S.A.  and  Canada,  Yale  University,  New 
Haven,  CT,  * 1939;  and 
  
CECH,  THOMAS  R.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Colorado, Boulder,
CO,  * 1947:   
  
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"  


Chemistry 1990
COREY,  ELIAS  JAMES,  U.S.A.,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,
MA,  * 1928:   
  
"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"


Chemistry 1991
ERNST,  RICHARD   R.,  Switzerland,  Eidgenssische  Technische
Hochschule  Zurich,  * 1933:   
  
"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of
high  resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" 


Chemistry 1992
MARCUS,  RUDOLPH  A.,  U.S.A.,  California  Institute  of  Technology,
Pasdena,  CA,  * 1923  (in  Montreal,  Canada):   
  
"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions
in chemical systems"  


Chemistry 1993
The  prize  was  awarded  
  
"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based
chemistry"  
  
by  one  half  to: 
  
MULLIS,  KARY  B.,  U.S.A.,   La  Jolla,  CA,  * 1944:   
  
"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"
  
and  by  the  other  half  to: 
  
SMITH,  MICHAEL,  Canada,  University  of  British  Columbia,  Vancouver,
Canada,  * 1932  (in  Blackpool,  England):   
  
"for his  fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleiotide-bas
ed,
site-directed mutagenesis and  its development for protein studies"


Chemistry 1994
OLAH,  GEORGE  A.,  U.S.A.,  University  of  Southern  California,
CA,  * 1927  (in  Budapest,  Hungary):   
  
"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"  


Chemistry 1995
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to:  
  
CRUTZEN, PAUL J., The Netherlands, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry,
Mainz, Germany, * 1933; 
  
MOLINA, MARIO J., U.S.A., (in Mexico City, Mexico) MIT, Cambridge,
MA, U.S.A., * 1943; and 
  
ROWLAND, F. SHERWOOD, U.S.A., University of California, Irvine, CA,
U.S.A., * 1927: 
  
"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning
the formation and decomposition of ozone"


Chemistry 1996
The  prize  was  awarded  jointly  to:  
  
CURL, ROBERT F. JR., U.S.A., Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A.,
* 1933; 
  
KROTO, Sir HAROLD W., Great Britain, University of Sussex, Sussex,
Great Britain, * 1939; and 
  
SMALLEY, RICHARD E., U.S.A. Rice University, Houston, TX, U.S.A.,
* 1943: 
  
"for their discovery of fullerenes"

Chemistry 1997
The 1997 Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry will be announced on Wednesday,
October 15, 2 p.m. at the earliest. 

Copyright c 1997 The Nobel Foundation

